“…Over the past several decades in clinical orthopaedic work, techniques to treat chondral defects included abrasion, drilling, micro-fracturing of the underlying bone, tissue autografts, allografts, and cell transplantation [1,3,15,16,21,26,27,28,34,40,41,51]. In recent years more has been learned about various growth factors that stimulate chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage matrix production, but to date no procedure has been fully successful in achieving properly structured regenerative articular cartilage.…”