Artificial Intelligence Politicking and Human Rights Violations in UK’s Democracy: A Critical Appraisal of the Brexit Referendum

Artificial Intelligence in Democracy: Unraveling the Influence of Social Bots in Brexit through Cybernetics

“…Brexit is a watershed moment in British history and in relations with the European Union. According to Wogu et al (2021), Twitter as a major battleground for public opinion is subject to political interference. In this political debate, it's not just citizens who are taking part.…”

“…British membership of the European Union has been hotly debated on social networking platforms, raising questions about whether artificial intelligence is interfering with public discourse on the topic. There is even a public perception that the outcome of the referendum might have been different if AI had not been used politically (Wogu et al, 2021). These doubts are not unfounded.…”

“…Its application in the field of communication has been very common. Some scholars believe that AI provides opportunities and services for many political sectors (Wogu et al, 2021). Social Bots are one of those AI that are supposed to serve political communications.…”

“…This false "Popularity" reinforces the biases of the voters who receive it. Also, according to Wogu et al (2021), the number of social bots on Twitter increased significantly from 2% to 11% of users in the week before the referendum, suggesting that it's no coincidence that social bots are involved in public interaction on Twitter, it is because the choice of Brexit camp needs to be amplified. The massive growth of social bots-driven pro-Brexit content will give the impression that pro-Brexit content is mainstream.…”

“…The use of social bots in Brexit has been hugely controversial. Meanwhile, according to Wogu et al . (2021), this is also considered a gross violation of British human rights.…”