Ascaris lumbricoides

Walker, Martin; Hall, Andrew; Basáñez, María-Gloria

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396978-1.00007-0

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 221 publications

(253 reference statements)

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“…The high prevalence of helminths in developing countries, high rates of reinfection and resistance to anthelmintics and current unavailability of vaccines against these parasites, stress the need to focus research into elucidating the mechanisms involved in these interactions and thus identify essential aspects pertaining the design of new strategies to control the spread of these helminths as well as novel therapeutic alternatives. In this review, we have included the nematodes Trichuris and Ascaris since they exhibit the highest prevalence and level of endemicity in low and middle-income countries, as well as to their notorious impact on animal health and the swine industry ( Sayasone et al., 2011 ; Walker et al., 2013 ; Ojha et al., 2014 ; Pullan et al., 2014 ; Dunn et al., 2016 ; Cortés et al., 2019 ; Hernández et al., 2019 ; Sobotková et al., 2019 ; Else et al., 2020 ; Gordon et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detangling the Crosstalk Between Ascaris, Trichuris and Gut Microbiota: What´s Next?

Castañeda

Paniz‐Mondolfi

Ramírez

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Helminth infections remain a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where roundworms from theTrichuris and Ascaris genera are most prevalent. These geohelminths not only impact human health but most importantly also affect animal well-being, in particular the swine industry. Host-helminth parasite interactions are complex and at the same time essential to understand the biology, dynamics and pathophysiology of these infections. Within these interactions, the immunomodulatory capacity of these helminths in the host has been extensively studied. Moreover, in recent years a growing interest on how helminths interact with the intestinal microbiota of the host has sparked, highlighting how this relationship plays an essential role in the establishment of initial infection, survival and persistence of the parasite, as well as in the development of chronic infections. Identifying the changes generated by these helminths on the composition and structure of the host intestinal microbiota constitutes a field of great scientific interest, since this can provide essential and actionable information for designing effective control and therapeutic strategies. Helminths like Trichuris and Ascaris are a focus of special importance due to their high prevalence, higher reinfection rates, resistance to anthelmintic therapy and unavailability of vaccines. Therefore, characterizing interactions between these helminths and the host intestinal microbiota represents an important approach to better understand the nature of this dynamic interface and explore novel therapeutic alternatives based on management of host microbiota. Given the extraordinary impact this may have from a biological, clinical, and epidemiological public health standpoint, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and future perspectives examining the parasite-microbiota interplay and its impact on host immunity.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detangling the Crosstalk Between Ascaris, Trichuris and Gut Microbiota: What´s Next?

Castañeda

Paniz‐Mondolfi

Ramírez

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Unfertilised eggs can also be laid in absence of copulation, but these eggs are not infective. Fertilised eggs need to mature in the environment to embryonate and become infective, which takes from 10 to 50 days, depending on the specific environmental conditions [ 4 ]. Infection happens when a human host ingests embryonated eggs through soil-contaminated food or water, as well as through ingestion of eggs on contaminated fomites, body parts (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of acquiring Ascaris lumbricoides infection in an endemically infected rural community in Venezuela

et al. 2022

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Soil-transmitted helminths, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, are the most prevalent parasites globally. Optimal anthelmintic treatment for A. lumbricoides in endemically infected communities is challenged by several host-related and environmental factors influencing infection acquisition. We assessed the risk of A. lumbricoides (re)infection after treatment in a Venezuelan rural community. Individual merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde-fixed faecal samples were collected from 224 persons before a single-dose pyrantel treatment and at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 15 months after treatment. Effects of age, sex and socioeconomic status (SES) on A. lumbricoides prevalence, eggs/gram faeces (EPG) and infection (re)acquisition were assessed using both generalised linear mixed-effects models and survival analysis. Pre-treatment A. lumbricoides prevalence was 39.7%. Higher prevalence was associated with younger age and lower SES. Higher EPG values were observed among young children. Median time to A. lumbricoides infection was six months after treatment: at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 15 months post-treatment, cumulative incidence was 6.7%, 18.9%, 34.6%, 42.2%, and 52.6%, respectively. Younger age, lower SES, and pre-treatment A. lumbricoides infection status showed significantly elevated hazard ratios. Mass drug administration protocols would benefit from considering these factors in selective treatment strategies and possibly more than just annual or biannual treatments in the target population.

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“…Similar to other macroparasites, one of the defining parameters that contribute to our understanding of Ascaris epidemiology is the intensity of infection (Walker et al ., 2013 ). Macroparasite intensity is not distributed randomly among hosts – but manifests itself as an aggregated distribution (Holland et al ., 1989 ; Holland and Boes, 2002 ) whereby few hosts carry the majority of the worms and most hosts remain uninfected or carry light infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%