Assessing the impact of arthropod natural enemies on crop pests at the field scale

Macfadyen, Sarina; Davies, Andrew; Zalucki, Myron P.

doi:10.1111/1744-7917.12174

Cited by 84 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Despite many small‐scale laboratory studies there is still a need to quantify and explain the direct association, and impact that natural enemies have on pest populations at appropriate spatial scales …”

Section: Bt Cotton As a Tool To Enable Better Ipmmentioning

confidence: 99%

A perspective on management of Helicoverpa armigera: transgenic Bt cotton, IPM, and landscapes

Downes

Kriticos

Parry

et al. 2016

Pest Management Science

106

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Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest of agriculture, horticulture and floriculture throughout the Old World and recently invaded parts of the New World. We overview of the evolution in thinking about the application of area-wide approaches to assist with its control by the Australian Cotton Industry to highlight important lessons and future challenges to achieving the same in the New World. An over-reliance of broad-spectrum insecticides led to Helicoverpa spp. in Australian cotton rapidly became resistant to DDT, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and endosulfan. Voluntary strategies were developed to slow the development of insecticide resistance, which included rotating chemistries and basing spray decisions on thresholds. Despite adoption of these practices, insecticide resistance continued to develop until the introduction of genetically modified cotton provided a platform for augmenting Integrated Pest Management in the Australian cotton industry. Compliance with mandatory resistance management plans for Bt cotton necessitated a shift from pest control at the level of individual fields or farms towards a coordinated area-wide landscape approach. Our take-home message for control of H. armigera is that resistance management is essential in genetically modified crops and must be season long and area-wide to be effective. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Bt Cotton As a Tool To Enable Better Ipmmentioning

confidence: 99%

A perspective on management of Helicoverpa armigera: transgenic Bt cotton, IPM, and landscapes

Downes

Kriticos

Parry

et al. 2016

Pest Management Science

106

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“…Live (sentinel) insects, mostly represented by lepidopteran eggs or larvae, have been used mainly in temperate and subtropical regions, primarily for studies of interactions between pests and their enemies in agricultural habitats (Lemessa et al, ; Macfadyen et al, ; Begg et al, ; Lovei & Ferrante, ). To our knowledge, the only previous study conducted in a tropical rainforest exposed caterpillar of an endemic crambid at three different islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, and found a 14% per day predation rate and a 5% parasitism rate (Kaufman & Wright, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevational contrast in predation and parasitism risk to caterpillars in a tropical rainforest

Libra

Tulai

Novotný

et al. 2019

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Invertebrate predators and parasitoids are among the most important natural enemies of insect herbivores. Yet, the strength of natural enemy pressure along an altitudinal gradient and interactions between the groups of natural enemies (such as predation on parasitized prey) are not well known. Various methods are used to reveal the mortality factors of herbivores. Predation pressure is usually assessed through exposure of artificial prey. However, this method cannot provide information about the attacks of parasitoids, or their eventual interactions with predators. Furthermore, artificial or dead prey might not attract predators because they do not show expected host behavior, and this method mostly cannot distinguish between predation and scavenging. For the first time in a tropical rainforest, we quantified elevational contrast in mortality factors using exposure of live caterpillars. We exposed a total of 800 live caterpillars of Talanga excelsalis moresbyensis Strand (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on saplings of Ficus copiosa Steud. (Moraceae) at two elevations in primary tropical rain forest in Papua New Guinea (200 and 1 200 m a.s.l.). We exposed the caterpillars in two treatments: exposed to and protected from invertebrate predators and parasitoids. Disappearance of caterpillars was significantly higher in the exposed treatment. Furthermore, caterpillar disappearance was significantly higher in lowlands than in highlands (43 vs. 12%). We consider the vast majority of the disappearance to be due to predation, as migration of the caterpillars from the focal trees was not observed (except one caterpillar). This estimate of invertebrate predation rate corresponds with studies which used artificial caterpillar models. No significant difference in parasitism rate between the two elevations was observed (12 vs. 13%). The combination of the disappearance and parasitism rate patterns means that larval parasitoids face stronger pressure from invertebrate predators through higher predation of their hosts in the lowlands than in the highlands.

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“…Factors that lead to pest outbreaks, or indicate that an outbreak is likely in a certain region, are unknown for many pest species. Many techniques are available to conduct impact assessments (Furlong & Zalucki 2010;Furlong 2015;Macfadyen et al 2015b), but these have not been employed in Australian grain systems. Predictive models for outbreak risk of some pests are starting to be developed, but they have not been extensively validated in the field.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying critical research gaps that limit control options for invertebrate pests in Australian grain production systems

et al. 2019

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is often described as a knowledge-intensive approach to invertebrate pest management, requiring information on the biology, ecology and phenology of a pest combined with an understanding of the interactions between crop growth and pests and between pests and their natural enemies. We conducted a systematic quantitative literature review to summarise what is known about pest and natural enemy species common to Australian grain production systems, based on 1513 published and unpublished research studies. Drawing on this information, we address three issues: what are the knowledge gaps in relation to grain pests and their natural enemies, do these knowledge gaps limit the development of an IPM package for grain growers in Australia and what further ecological or biological information might growers require to enhance the use of IPM approaches for managing pests? The main gaps identified include a lack of understanding around specific factors that lead to pest outbreaks or factors that could be useful for predicting when and where pest outbreaks will occur in the future. Monitoring techniques for many pests are not well developed, and therefore, it is difficult to link the density recorded in a field with crop damage and yield loss and to develop economic thresholds that can be linked with intervention decisions. For most natural enemies, the impact in terms of reduction in pest numbers has not been quantified, with very few studies including both pests and natural enemies together. There is large variability in the level of control provided by natural enemies between years and regions, and the factors leading to this variability are not well understood. Finally, the lack of taxonomic resolution for individual species within groups is identified as a critical knowledge gap. We suggest that a more comprehensive fundamental knowledge base is required across the invertebrate community in grain systems aimed at reducing insect pest outbreaks, combined with a greater depth of understanding in monitoring strategies for pests that contribute to pesticide-use decisions.

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Assessing the impact of arthropod natural enemies on crop pests at the field scale

Cited by 84 publications

References 97 publications

A perspective on management of Helicoverpa armigera: transgenic Bt cotton, IPM, and landscapes

A perspective on management of Helicoverpa armigera: transgenic Bt cotton, IPM, and landscapes

Elevational contrast in predation and parasitism risk to caterpillars in a tropical rainforest

Identifying critical research gaps that limit control options for invertebrate pests in Australian grain production systems

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