Assessing the travel impacts of subnetworks for automated driving: An exploratory study

A bi‐level model to optimize road networks for a mixture of manual and automated driving: An evolutionary local search algorithm

“…(), and van Arem, van Driel, and Visser (). This has been utilized in some NDP studies that consider AVs via assumptions of increased capacity in presence of AVs (Chen et al., ; Chen et al., ; Ye & Wang, ) and some other studies of AV impacts using macroscopic traffic assignment models (Levin & Boyles, ; Madadi, van Nes, Snelder, & van Arem, ).…”

“…This can be considered in the route choice component of macroscopic traffic assignment models via differences in generalized travel cost; see, for instance, Levin and Boyles () and Madadi et al. ().…”

“…This has been utilized in Madadi et al. () and Puylaert, Snelder, van Nes, and van Arem () to explore the travel impacts of AVs.…”

“…A more realistic network configuration for the transition period with a heterogeneous mix of vehicles was introduced in Madadi et al. () where the authors suggested promoting AD in mixed traffic only in specific parts of the network where the infrastructure is upgraded to enable safe and efficient AD. This leads to a subnetwork within the urban road network which is suitable for AVs, yet it is also accessible for other vehicles.…”

“…For the lower level problem, we follow the formulation developed in Madadi et al. () where the lower level is modeled as an MUC SUE problem based on the PSL. Since during the transition period, there will be a mix of different vehicle types in the network, we believe system optimal routing is unlikely.…”