Assessing the zoonotic potential of<i>Ascaris suum</i>and<i>Trichuris suis</i>: looking to the future from an analysis of the past

Nejsum, Peter; Betson, Martha; Bendall, Richard; Thamsborg, Stig Milan; Stothard, J. Russell

doi:10.1017/s0022149x12000193

Cited by 108 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Ascaris suum has a high prevalence in pigs in both developed and developing countries, resulting in significant economic penalties for pig farmers [2], [3]. Moreover, A. suum is considered a zoonotic parasite and hybridization between A. suum and A. lumbricoides has been reported [4]. In addition, Ascaris infection also predisposes hosts to co-infection with bacteria and/or protozoa and compromises vaccine efficacy against other pathogens [5], [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Anthelmintic Effects of Condensed Tannins from Diverse Plant Sources against Ascaris suum

et al. 2014

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Ascaris suum is one of the most prevalent nematode parasites in pigs and causes significant economic losses, and also serves as a good model for A. lumbricoides, the large roundworm of humans that is ubiquitous in developing countries and causes malnutrition, stunted growth and compromises immunity to other pathogens. New treatment options for Ascaris infections are urgently needed, to reduce reliance on the limited number of synthetic anthelmintic drugs. In areas where Ascaris infections are common, ethno-pharmacological practices such as treatment with natural plant extracts are still widely employed. However, scientific validation of these practices and identification of the active compounds are lacking, although observed effects are often ascribed to plant secondary metabolites such as tannins. Here, we extracted, purified and characterised a wide range of condensed tannins from diverse plant sources and investigated anthelmintic effects against A. suum in vitro. We show that condensed tannins can have potent, direct anthelmintic effects against A. suum, as evidenced by reduced migratory ability of newly hatched third-stage larvae and reduced motility and survival of fourth-stage larvae recovered from pigs. Transmission electron microscopy showed that CT caused significant damage to the cuticle and digestive tissues of the larvae. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the strength of the anthelmintic effect is related to the polymer size of the tannin molecule. Moreover, the identity of the monomeric structural units of tannin polymers may also have an influence as gallocatechin and epigallocatechin monomers exerted significant anthelmintic activity whereas catechin and epicatechin monomers did not. Therefore, our results clearly document direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins against Ascaris and encourage further in vivo investigation to determine optimal strategies for the use of these plant compounds for the prevention and/or treatment of ascariosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Anthelmintic Effects of Condensed Tannins from Diverse Plant Sources against Ascaris suum

et al. 2014

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“…These studies have been reviewed from different angles to elucidate the taxonomic status of A. lumbricoides and A. suum and their zoonotic potential (323)(324)(325). Several studies using different markers showed zoonotic potential of Ascaris, as humans and pigs were found to share common haplotypes.…”

Section: Ascaris Lumbricoidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Testing for Clinical Diagnosis and Epidemiological Investigations of Intestinal Parasitic Infections

2014

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SUMMARY Over the past few decades, nucleic acid-based methods have been developed for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. Advantages of nucleic acid-based methods are numerous; typically, these include increased sensitivity and specificity and simpler standardization of diagnostic procedures. DNA samples can also be stored and used for genetic characterization and molecular typing, providing a valuable tool for surveys and surveillance studies. A variety of technologies have been applied, and some specific and general pitfalls and limitations have been identified. This review provides an overview of the multitude of methods that have been reported for the detection of intestinal parasites and offers some guidance in applying these methods in the clinical laboratory and in epidemiological studies.

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“…1). However, morphological examination alone does not allow eggs, larvae and adult worms to be distinguished between Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris suis (reviewed in [25]). This means that potential cases of crosstransmission between host species cannot be identified using standard parasitological methods.…”

Section: Zoonotic Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Trichuriasis: Whipworm Genetics, Phylogeny, Transmission and Future Research Directions

2015

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Human trichuriasis is a neglected tropical disease which affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is particularly prevalent among children living in areas where sanitation is poor. This review examines the current knowledge on the taxonomy, genetics and phylogeography of human Trichuris and its relationship to whipworm parasites in other host species. The evidence for zoonotic transmission of Trichuris and the emergence of anthelmintic resistance is assessed. In addition, the implications of the recent publication of the genomes and transcriptomes of multiple Trichuris species are discussed. Finally, priorities for future research in Trichuris genetics are proposed.

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Assessing the zoonotic potential ofAscaris suumandTrichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past

Cited by 108 publications

References 78 publications

Direct Anthelmintic Effects of Condensed Tannins from Diverse Plant Sources against Ascaris suum

Direct Anthelmintic Effects of Condensed Tannins from Diverse Plant Sources against Ascaris suum

Molecular Testing for Clinical Diagnosis and Epidemiological Investigations of Intestinal Parasitic Infections

Human Trichuriasis: Whipworm Genetics, Phylogeny, Transmission and Future Research Directions

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