Assessment of Daily Light and Ultraviolet Exposure in Young Adults

Schmid, Katrina L.; Leyden, Karla; Chiu, Yu-huan; Lind, Sarah-Rose; Vos, Dow James; Kimlin, Michael G.; Wood, Joanne M.

doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e31827cda5b

Cited by 37 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A consistent finding from these studies is that both adults and children spend a relatively small proportion of the day in bright outdoor light conditions (Dharani et al, 2012;Alvarez & Wildsoet, 2013;Schmid et al, 2013;Read et al, 2014Read et al, , 2015. There has however, been some variability between these studies in terms of the average light exposure levels reported and the association between light exposure and refraction.…”

Section: Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 71%

“…These potential drawbacks associated with questionnaires have been the catalyst for a number of recent studies that have quantified the light exposure (Backhouse & Phillips, 2011;Dharani et al, 2012;Alvarez & Wildsoet, 2013;Schmid et al, 2013;Read et al, 2014Read et al, , 2015Ostrin, 2017) and/or physical activity (Deere et al, 2009;Guggenheim et al, 2012;Read et al, 2014Read et al, , 2015 using objective techniques such as wearable sensors (Dharani et al, 2012;Alvarez & Wildsoet, 2013).…”

Section: Light Exposure and Human Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies using objective ambient light exposure measurements in both children (Dharani et al, 2012;Read et al, 2014Read et al, , 2015 and young adults (Alvarez & Wildsoet, 2013;Schmid et al, 2013;Ostrin, 2017) have consistently reported that subjects typically spend only relatively small amounts of time per day (between 1-2 hours on average) exposed to outdoor light levels (typically defined as ambient light exposures >1000 lux (Guillemette et al, 1998;Goulet et al, 2007;Backhouse & Phillips, 2011;Dharani et al, 2012;Alvarez & Wildsoet, 2013;Read et al, 2014Read et al, , 2015). Dharani et al (2012) reported that Singaporean children experienced greater light exposure on weekends compared to weekdays, but did not find any significant difference in average light exposure between myopic and emmetropic children.…”

Section: Light Exposure and Human Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a mechanism involving bright light exposure and retinal dopamine has been hypothesised to underlie the association between outdoor activities and myopia in humans (Rose et al, 2008a), it is important to note that the majority of studies have not levels in children (Backhouse & Phillips, 2011;Dharani et al, 2012;Read et al, 2014Read et al, , 2015 and adults (Alvarez & Wildsoet, 2013;Schmid et al, 2013) with a variety of refractive errors (including emmetropes, stable myopes and progressing myopes).…”

Section: Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies, aiming to validate the use of wearable light sensors (Backhouse & Phillips, 2011;Dharani et al, 2012;Schmid et al, 2013), or examine the potential association between refractive status and light exposure (Schmid et al, 2013;Read et al, 2014, have expanded our knowledge of the typical environmental exposure to visible (Backhouse & Phillips, 2011;Dharani et al, 2012;Alvarez & Wildsoet, 2013;Schmid et al, 2013;Read et al, 2014Read et al, , 2015 and ultraviolet (UV) light (Schmid et al, 2013) experienced in a range of populations. A consistent finding from these studies is that both adults and children spend a relatively small proportion of the day in bright outdoor light conditions (Dharani et al, 2012;Alvarez & Wildsoet, 2013;Schmid et al, 2013;Read et al, 2014Read et al, , 2015.…”

Section: Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

Ulaganathan¹

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It is widely accepted that environmental factors play a significant role in regulating eye growth and myopia development. There is also considerable evidence that ambient light exposure is an important environmental risk factor associated with eye growth in children, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that diurnal variations in ocular components appear to be involved in the mechanisms controlling eye growth. Animal studies also suggest that altering light exposure disrupts normal diurnal variations and can lead to the development of refractive errors. Despite this evidence, the exact role of light exposure and ocular diurnal rhythms in the regulation of human eye growth, and the interaction between these factors is not well understood. Myopia development and progression have been widely documented in young adults and typically occurs due to axial elongation, but there has been limited research examining the potential impact of ambient light exposure upon eye growth and myopia development and progression in young adults.Therefore, this research examined the habitual light exposure patterns in a population of young adult emmetropes and progressing myopes using objective techniques, and assessed the influence of light exposure upon daily axial length variations and longitudinal axial eye growth in this population. The potential association between daily axial length fluctuations and longer-term changes in axial length was also explored.Since there is no consensus on the optimal sampling strategy required for capturing personal objective light exposure measurements, in the first study, we systematically examined the impact of different measurement durations and measurement frequencies upon objective light exposure measures, in order to determine the optimal sampling strategy to reliably capture habitual light exposure patterns of both children (Age: 11 to vi The influence of light exposure and seasons upon the axial length changes in humans 15 years) and young adults (Age: 18 to 30 years). Ambient light exposure data were obtained using a wrist-worn light sensor (Actiwatch 2), which was configured to measure instantaneous light levels every 30 seconds, 24 hours a day for a period of 14 consecutive days in children (n = 30) and young adults (n = 31). Daily time exposed to bright outdoor (>1000 lux) light levels was derived from the raw 14 days of data with 30 second sampling, and was subsequently derived from data re-sampled from 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 randomly selected measurement days using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 minute sampling rates. Calculating daily outdoor light exposure time using a lower number of days and coarser sampling frequencies did not significantly alter the mean time spent in bright (outdoor) light. However, a significant increase in measurement variability occurred for outdoor light exposure derived from less than 8 days and from 3 minutes or coarser measurement frequencies in adults, and from less than 8 days and from 4 minutes or coarser...

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Section: Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Light Exposure and Human Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Light Exposure and Human Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

Ulaganathan¹

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Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

et al. 2017

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IMPORTANCE Myopia is becoming increasingly common globally and is associated with potentially sight-threatening complications. Spending time outdoors is protective, but the mechanism underlying this association is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of myopia with ultraviolet B radiation (UVB; directly associated with time outdoors and sunlight exposure), serum vitamin D concentrations, and vitamin D pathway genetic variants, adjusting for years in education. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA cross-sectional, population-based random sample of participants 65 years and older was chosen from 6 study centers from the European Eye Study between November 6, 2000, to November 15, 2002. Of 4187 participants, 4166 attended an eye examination including refraction, gave a blood sample, and were interviewed by trained fieldworkers using a structured questionnaire. Myopia was defined as a mean spherical equivalent of −0.75 diopters or less. Exclusion criteria included aphakia, pseudophakia, late age-related macular degeneration, and vision impairment due to cataract, resulting in 371 participants with myopia and 2797 without.EXPOSURES Exposure to UVB estimated by combining meteorological and questionnaire data at different ages, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolic pathway genes, serum vitamin D 3 concentrations, and years of education.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Odds ratios (ORs) of UVB, serum vitamin D 3 concentrations, vitamin D single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and myopia estimated from logistic regression.RESULT Of the included 3168 participants, the mean (SD) age was 72.4 (5) years, and 1456 (46.0%) were male. An SD increase in UVB exposure at age 14 to 19 years (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71-0.92) and 20 to 39 years (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.62-0.93) was associated with a reduced adjusted OR of myopia; those in the highest tertile of years of education had twice the OR of myopia (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.41-3.06). No independent associations between myopia and serum vitamin D 3 concentrations nor variants in genes associated with vitamin D metabolism were found. An unexpected finding was that the highest quintile of plasma lutein concentrations was associated with a reduced OR of myopia (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46-0.72). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIncreased UVB exposure was associated with reduced myopia, particularly in adolescence and young adulthood. The association was not altered by adjusting for education. We found no convincing evidence for a direct role of vitamin D in myopia risk. The relationship between high plasma lutein concentrations and a lower risk of myopia requires replication.

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Light intensity differentially mediates the life cycle of lepidopteran leaf feeders and stem borers

Xu,

Wu,

Luo

et al. 2024

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUNDLeaf feeders, such as Spodoptera frugiperda and S. litura, and stem borers Ostrinia furnacalis and Chilo suppressalis, occupy two different niches and are well adapted to their particular environments. Borer larvae burrow and inhabit interior of stems, which are relatively dark. By contrast, the larvae of leaf feeders are exposed to sunlight during feeding. We therefore designed series of experiments to evaluate the effect of light intensity (0, 2000, and 10 000 lx) on these pests with different feeding modes.RESULTSThe development of all four pests was significantly delayed at 0 lx. Importantly, light intensity affected the development of both male and female larvae of borers but only significantly affected male larvae of leaf feeders. Furthermore, the proportion of female offspring of leaf feeders increased with increasing light intensity (S. frugiperda: 33.89%, 42.26%, 57.41%; S. litura: 38.90%, 51.75%, 65.08%), but no significant differences were found in stem borers. This research also revealed that the survival rate of female leaf feeders did not vary across light intensities, but that of males decreased with increasing light intensity (S. frugiperda: 97.78%, 85.86%, 61.21%; S. litura: 95.83%, 73.54%, 58.99%).CONCLUSIONThese results improve understanding of how light intensity affects sex differences of important lepidopteran pests occupying different feeding niches and their ecological interactions with abiotic factors in agroecosystems.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Assessment of Daily Light and Ultraviolet Exposure in Young Adults

Abstract: The current literature suggests that there is a link between myopia protection and spending time outdoors in children. Our data provide some evidence of this relationship in young adults and highlight the need for larger studies to further investigate this relationship longitudinally.

Cited by 37 publications

References 29 publications

The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

The Influence of Light Exposure and Seasonal Changes on Short-Term and Longer-Term Changes in Axial Length of the Human Eye

Association Between Myopia, Ultraviolet B Radiation Exposure, Serum Vitamin D Concentrations, and Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolic Pathways in a Multicountry European Study

Light intensity differentially mediates the life cycle of lepidopteran leaf feeders and stem borers

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