Assessment of damage to the central nervous system by determination of S-100 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Abstract

SUMMARY S-100 protein was determined by Particle Counting ImmunoAssay in the CSF of patients with various neurological disorders. With a limit of sensitivity of 2 5 ,ug/l this brain-specific protein was detected only in samples from patients with acute damage of the central nervous system, particularly in compression of the spinal cord by tumour, ischaemic disorders, subarachnoid bleeding and haematoma, and viral or suspected viral infections. Our results support the assumption that S-100 is a reliable index of central nervous system damage and that changes in its concentration could have a prognostic value.S-100 protein is an acidic protein of molecular weight 21,000' found essentially in the nervous system of vertebrates. This protein is called "S-100" because of its solubility in 100% saturated ammonium sulphate at neutral pH. A characteristic of S-100 is its structural changes caused by calcium ions.3 S-100 is, in fact, a family of proteins4`8 shown by complement fixation and cross-immunoelectrophoresis9 to be antigenically different. Two main types have been described.67 S-100a containing two different subunits (a and fi subunits) and S100b, two identical subunits (3 subunits).S-100, the function of which is still unknown, is located mainly in the astrocytes'0-'9 but has also been detected in

Measurement of S-100 Protein in Human Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid: Analytical Method and Preliminary Clinical Results

“…The reference range found for CSF (< 2.4 g/l) corresponds well with the values reported in the literature (7,13,21). Several factors may contribute to the clear differences between the reference values for blood reported by Persson et al (9) and those reported in the present study.…”

“…The effect of calcium on the measurement of S-100 protein has already been described by Sindic et al (13). We found the same optimal calcium concentration as Sindic et al, and the addition of 5 mmol/1 CaCl 2 decreased the lower detection limit of our assay.…”

Determination of S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid after brain infarction.

“…However, in this study, the correlation between the size of the ischemic area and the astroglial protein increment apparently was not investigated, and no correlation to the clinical outcome of these patients was found. 5 Even so, in studies concerning other cerebral disorders, such as herpes encephalitis 22 and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 23 -24 the S-100 concentration was found to be related to the clinical state, as well as to the outcome of the patient.…”

Increased S100B blood levels in unmedicated and treated schizophrenic patients are correlated with negative symptomatology

“…4 Increased CSF and plasma levels of S100B have been detected after traumatic brain injury, toxic or ischemic brain damage, and in multiple sclerosis. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] S-100B is also elevated in several kinds of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease. 5 Our group showed increased S-100B plasma levels in medicated patients suffering from schizophrenia, 18 whereas Gattaz and colleagues reported decreased S100B concentrations in medicated patients with schizophrenia.…”