Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)

Faulstich, Michael E.; Carey, Michael P.; Ruggiero, Laurie; Enyart, Patience; Gresham, Frank M.

doi:10.1176/ajp.143.8.1024

Cited by 513 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These included gender, race/ethnicity, parental education, employment, family income (divided into four quartiles), an indicator for whether adolescents reported poor relationships with both parents (based on a four-item scale measuring the quality of the relationships with either parent), and depression measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC; Weissman et al, 1980). The CES-DC has demonstrated good reliability and validity in adolescent samples (Faulstich et al, 1986; Fendrich et al, 1990; Phillips et al, 2006). In addition, peer alcohol use was measured with the item “Of your 3 best friends, how many drink alcohol at least once a month?” Parental alcohol problems were identified using primary caregivers’ responses to questions about whether adolescents’ biological mothers or biological fathers had alcohol problems.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to childhood neglect and physical abuse and developmental trajectories of heavy episodic drinking from early adolescence into young adulthood

Shin¹,

Miller²,

Teicher³

2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

134

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Background Although the literature suggests that childhood maltreatment (CM) relates to adolescent heavy episodic drinking (HED), few studies have examined the long-term effects of CM on adolescent HED. This study is the first to examine associations between exposure to CM and trajectories of HED from adolescence to young adulthood for the US population. Methods Four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used. A total of 8,503 adolescents followed from adolescence (7th–12th grades) into young adulthood (ages 24–32) were assessed on CM and past-year HED frequency. Using growth curve modeling, trajectories of adolescent HED were examined, with subtype, frequency, and severity of CM as the primary independent variables. All of our analyses controlled for common risk factors for adolescent HED, including demographics, parental and peer alcohol use, parental education and employment, family income, parent-child relationship, and adolescent depression. Results After controlling for potential risk factors, neglect and physical abuse – both individually and in conjunction – were associated with faster increases in HED during adolescence and persistently elevated HED over much of adolescence and young adulthood. The frequency of neglect and physical abuse – individually and in conjunction – was also associated with the trajectory of HED, such that additional instances of these types of maltreatment were associated with faster increases in HED during adolescence and higher rates of peak use during young adulthood. Conclusions Child neglect and physical abuse appear to have long-lasting adverse effects on HED beyond adolescence and throughout much of young adulthood.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to childhood neglect and physical abuse and developmental trajectories of heavy episodic drinking from early adolescence into young adulthood

Shin¹,

Miller²,

Teicher³

2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

134

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“…The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-DC) designed for children aged 6 to 17 years was used to measure depression [19,20]. This scale was translated into the local languages for use by the researchers, and then was back-translated and field-tested to ensure proper readability.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The respondents were asked to rate the degree to which they experienced each depression related symptom on a 4-point frequency scale (not at all, a little, some, and a lot), and the possible scores for CES-DC ranged from 0 to 60. A CES‒DC score of 15 or higher has previously been considered suggestive of significant level of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents [19,20]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression among AIDS-orphaned children higher than among other orphaned children in southern India

Kumar

Dandona

Kumar

et al. 2014

Int J Ment Health Syst

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BackgroundSystematic data on mental health issues among orphaned children are not readily available in India. This study explored depression and its associated risk factors among orphaned children in Hyderabad city in south India.Methods400 orphaned children drawn equally from AIDS and non-AIDS orphan groups aged 12–16 years residing in orphanages in and around Hyderabad city in southern India were recruited to assess depression and associated risk factors using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-DC). Variation in the intensity of depression was assessed using multiple classification analysis (MCA).Results397 (99%) orphans provided complete interviews in the study of whom 306 (76.5%) were aged 12 to 14 years, and 206 (51.8%) were paternal orphans. Children orphaned by AIDS were significantly more likely to report being bullied by friends or relatives (50.3%) and report experiencing discrimination (12.6%) than those orphaned due to other reasons (p < 0.001). The overall prevalence of depression score >15 with CES-DC was 74.1% (95% CI 69.7-78.4) with this being significantly higher for children orphaned by AIDS (84.4%, 95% CI 79.4 – 89.5) than those due to other reasons (63.6%, 95% CI 56.9 – 70.4). Mean depression score was significantly higher for children orphaned by AIDS (34.6) than the other group (20.6; p < 0.001). Among the children orphaned by AIDS, the bulk of depression score was clustered in 12–14 years age groups whereas in the children orphaned by other reasons it was clustered in the 15–16 years age group (p = 0.001). MCA analysis showed being a child orphaned by AIDS had the highest effect on the intensity of depression (Beta = 0.473).ConclusionsChildren orphaned by AIDS had significantly higher depressive symptoms than the other orphaned children. These findings could be used for further planning of mental health interventions to meet the mental health needs of orphaned children, that could include preventive, diagnostic and treatment services.

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“…Youth and their caregivers reported on the following measures of youth mental health: Depression: An adapted 30-item scale [48] of which 20 comprised core items from the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CESDC) [49] with 10 additional items added from local qualitative data. Scoring was 0 (never) to 3 (often) (α = 0.95).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family-based prevention of mental health problems in children affected by HIV and AIDS

Betancourt

Kirk

et al. 2014

Aids

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Objective The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention to reduce mental health problems and bolster resilience among children living in households affected by caregiver HIV in Rwanda. Design Pre-post design, including 6-month follow-up. Methods The Family Strengthening Intervention (FSI) aims to reduce mental health problems among HIV-affected children through improved child–caregiver relationships, family communication and parenting skills, HIV psychoeducation and connections to resources. Twenty families (N=39 children) with at least one HIV-positive caregiver and one child 7–17 years old were enrolled in the FSI. Children and caregivers were administered locally adapted and validated measures of child mental health problems, as well as measures of protective processes and parenting. Assessments were administered at pre and postintervention, and 6-month follow-up. Multilevel models accounting for clustering by family tested changes in outcomes of interest. Qualitative interviews were completed to understand acceptability, feasibility and satisfaction with the FSI. Results Families reported high satisfaction with the FSI. Caregiver-reported improvements in family connectedness, good parenting, social support and children's pro-social behaviour (P<0.05) were sustained and strengthened from postintervention to 6-month follow-up. Additional improvements in caregiver-reported child perseverance/self-esteem, depression, anxiety and irritability were seen at follow-up (P<.05). Significant decreases in child-reported harsh punishment were observed at postintervention and follow-up, and decreases in caregiver reported harsh punishment were also recorded on follow-up (P<0.05). Conclusion The FSI is a feasible and acceptable intervention that shows promise for improving mental health symptoms and strengthening protective factors among children and families affected by HIV in low-resource settings.

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Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)

Cited by 513 publications

References 14 publications

Exposure to childhood neglect and physical abuse and developmental trajectories of heavy episodic drinking from early adolescence into young adulthood

Exposure to childhood neglect and physical abuse and developmental trajectories of heavy episodic drinking from early adolescence into young adulthood

Depression among AIDS-orphaned children higher than among other orphaned children in southern India

Family-based prevention of mental health problems in children affected by HIV and AIDS

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