Assessment of pesticide residue on cocoa beans in Ondo State, Nigeria

Abstract

Effects of radiation in biological systems are quite interesting. Interaction of radiation to epigenetic mechanisms has been also demonstrated earlier. The aim of this review is to sketch a current scenario on radiation exposure/insults on the epigenetic mechanisms in mammalian cells. Evidence from the databases, mainly from Pubmed and Science Direct were considered. Findings suggest that radiation has a dose and time-dependent effect in our body. Cells and tissues from different sources have differential responses towards radiation insults. Although radiation has impacts on epigenetic modulation, but it has beneficial combinatorial effects with a number of epigenetic modalities. Radiation has both bad and good impacts on epigenetic mechanisms.

Assessment of farmers′ utilization of approved pesticides in cocoa farms in Ondo state, Nigeria

“…During the interview schedule with the farmers, they asserted that they used these pesticides because of their activeness. The results support the findings of Akinneye et al. (2018) in the study carried out in Ondo State on pesticide residue in cocoa beans, which shows that the active ingredients found in some sampled cocoa were Cypermethrin, Profenfos, and Lambda-Cyhalothrin.…”

“…The results aligned with the findings of Akinneye et al. (2018) in the study carried out in Ondo state, indicating that the fungicides used in cocoa farms were Red Force, Ridomil Gold, Mackecknie Gold, Red Bolt, and Ultimax Plus, which contain active ingredients of Metalaxyl-M and Copper (1) Oxide.…”

“…The results aligned with the findings of Akinneye et al (2018) in the study carried out in Ondo state, indicating that the fungicides used in cocoa farms were Red Force, Ridomil Gold, Mackecknie Gold, Red Bolt, and Ultimax Plus, which contain active ingredients of Metalaxyl-M and Copper (1) Oxide. The results also corroborate the findings of Issa (2016) that the high consumption of fungicides in Ondo State could not be unconnected with the prevalence of fungi attacks on cocoa.…”

Access to trade credit and its impact on the use of European Union (EU) approved pesticides among smallholder cocoa farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria

“…The decline in cocoa production is attributed to a myriad of problems such as the ageing of cocoa farmers and cocoa trees, depletion of soil fertility, high pest and disease infestation, poor maintenance of cocoa farms, and lack of credit access, among others ( Oluyole et al, 2013 ; Kehinde and Adeyemo, 2017 ; Kolawole et al, 2020 ; Kehinde and Tijani, 2021a ; Kehinde and Ogundeji, 2022a ). One of these issues, and a significant one for Ondo State's cocoa output, is the prevalence of cocoa pests and diseases ( Akinneye et al, 2018 ). The prevalence of pest and diseases attack has led to the loss in cocoa yield, the value of foreign exchange for cocoa beans, farmer's income, and government revenue ( Tijani, 2006 ; Bateman, 2008 ; Kehinde and Tijani, 2021a ).…”

Economic Efficiency of Organic Farming Adoption by Cocoa Farmers in Southwest, Nigeria

“…Specifically, based on the European Food Safety Authority, the maximum residue limit for cocoa beans is 0.01mg/kg. Still, cocoa beans from Nigeria range from 0.03mg/kg and 4.6mg/kg of dichlorvos pesticide [4]. However, due to challenges inherent from pesticide use, this has led to the development and promotion of healthy, nutritious, and environmentally friendly technology [24].…”