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The current pace of the global economy requires a significant increase in energy production. At the same time, the reserves of traditional natural fuels, such as natural gas and oil, are gradually being depleted. Therefore, conventional energy is being replaced by an alternative. Developing the operation technology of the devices that ensure the functioning of alternative energy enterprises is based on the fact that the reliability of such devices should be at the level of traditional power plants. Each device must be not only fault-tolerant but also easy to maintain. It is often considered to be portable and self-contained devices capable of generating energy without excessive maintenance of the equipment by the technical service. The article aimed to solve the problem of using wind energy in a remote area. The leading research method was graph theory analysis. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that it offers the formation of a model that will meet the standards of functioning at the level of the most significant industrial models used in alternative energy as one of the objects of pure energy production. A wind power generation plant is used as a similar facility. It was revealed that this issue should be considered only provided that such a facility will produce energy in an amount of not less than a similar sample of a traditional energy source in consumption by both industrial and standard consumers. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that each of the designed types of facilities can operate in almost any conditions and have high fault tolerance.
The current pace of the global economy requires a significant increase in energy production. At the same time, the reserves of traditional natural fuels, such as natural gas and oil, are gradually being depleted. Therefore, conventional energy is being replaced by an alternative. Developing the operation technology of the devices that ensure the functioning of alternative energy enterprises is based on the fact that the reliability of such devices should be at the level of traditional power plants. Each device must be not only fault-tolerant but also easy to maintain. It is often considered to be portable and self-contained devices capable of generating energy without excessive maintenance of the equipment by the technical service. The article aimed to solve the problem of using wind energy in a remote area. The leading research method was graph theory analysis. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that it offers the formation of a model that will meet the standards of functioning at the level of the most significant industrial models used in alternative energy as one of the objects of pure energy production. A wind power generation plant is used as a similar facility. It was revealed that this issue should be considered only provided that such a facility will produce energy in an amount of not less than a similar sample of a traditional energy source in consumption by both industrial and standard consumers. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that each of the designed types of facilities can operate in almost any conditions and have high fault tolerance.
Долины малых рек являются важным элементом ландшафтно-экологического каркаса города Волгограда. В последнее время долины рек претерпели сильную антропогенную трансформацию. Сухая Мечетка является правым притоком р. Волга. Берет начало в Городищенском районе Волгоградской области и имеет общую протяженность 18,5 км. В настоящее время, река не имеет постоянного водотока и является одной из самых загрязненных малых рек Волгоградской агломерации. Естественные древесные насаждения в долине реки практически полностью отсутствуют. В условиях аридного климата долины малых рек являются единственным местом где возможно формирование естественных лесных массивов и искусственных насаждений лесопаркового типа не требующих регулярного орошения. Сохранение и восстановление пойменных и байрачных лесных массивов позволит значительно повысить санитарно-гигиеническую, рекреационную и эстетическую ценность зеленых насаждений в долинах малых рек Волгоградской агломерации. Цель исследований – оценить современное состояние и разработать механизмы сохранения, восстановления и обогащения древесных насаждений долины реки Сухая Мечетка. Объект исследований - дендрофлора долины реки Сухой Мечетки в границах Городищенцского района Волгоградской области и Тракторозаводского района г. Волгограда от Третьей Продольной магистрали до устья реки между микрорайоном Спартановка и поселком ГЭС. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что растительный покров долины реки Сухая Мечетка представляет собой сеть разрозненных интразональных сильно деградированных байрачных и пойменных растительных сообществ. Типичные байрачные лесные насаждения встречаются только на склонах долины в среднем течении реки. В древесных насаждениях пойменной части преобладают интродуцированные и инвазивные виды растений. Самая низкая антропогенная нагрузка на растительный покров в пределах исследуемой территории наблюдается на правом склоне долины в среднем течении реки. В верхней части склона сохранились типичные для данной зоны типчаково-ковыльные ассоциации и байрачные насаждения. Растительный покров пойменной террасы претерпел полную антропогенную трансформацию. В верхней части рядом с Третьей продольной магистралью пойма находится в многолетнем подтоплении, что привело к гибели крупного древесного массива с участием видов вяза Ulmus sp. Ниже по течению Сухая Мечетка представлена каскадом прудов, между которыми река не имеет русла. Заиливание почвы, подъем и высокая минерализация грунтовых вод привели к полному доминированию в растительном покрове Тростника южного Phragmites australis и Лоха узколистного Elaeagnus angustifolia L. В нижнем течении на территории бывших дачных участков сформировалось растительное сообщество со специфическим флористическим составом, основу которого составляют остатки плодово- ягодных насаждений. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что многие интродуцированные виды сформировали устойчивые самовозобновляющиеся популяции, а некоторые из них (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), являются потенциально инвазивными и требуют организации дальнейших наблюдений за их расселением. Результаты исследований позволили выделить единственный участок в пойме Сухой Мечетки с небольшим естественным лесным массивом Ольхи клейкой Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., площадью 0,6 га. На территории ольшаника долина реки практически не подвергается экологической трансформации. Флористический состав древесных насаждений представлен местными аборигенными видами растений. Реконструкцию пойменных древесных насаждений предлагается начинать с восстановления ольшаников и ивняков, обладающих ярко выраженной водорегулирующей и руслоформирующей функцией. Для восстановления естественного биоразнообразия в пойменной части реки необходимо использовать местные природные виды: Иву пепельную Salix cinerea L. и Иву трехтычинковую Salix triandra L., Иву белую Salix alba L., Тополь черный Populus nigra L., Тополь белый Populus alba L. и Тополь дрожащий Populus tremula L. В нижних надпойменных террасах возможна посадка Дуба черешчатого Quercus robur L., Ясеня обыкновенного Fraxinus excelsior L., Яблони лесной Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., Бересклета бородавчатого Euonymus verrucosus Scop., Жостера слабительного Rhamnus cathartica L., Сливы колючей Prunus spinosa L.. На верхних террасах и на склонах балок необходимо высаживать: Боярышник сомнительный Crataegus ambigua C.A.Mey. ex A.K.Becker, Боярышник однопестичный Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Клен татарский Acer tataricum L., Розу собачью Rosa canina L., Миндаль низкий Amygdalus nana L., Спирею зверобоелистную Spiraea hypericifolia L., Чингиль серебристый Halimodendron halodendron Pall. и др. При проведении работ по экологической реабилитации, в первую очередь необходимо обеспечить сохранность естественных природных растительных комплексов. Проектирование и устройство противоэрозионных лесозащитных насаждений на верхних террасах долины реки необходимо проводить с учетом инвазивной активности используемых видов в целях предотвращения их активного внедрения в естественные байрачные сообщества. Small river valleys are an important element of the landscape and environmental framework of the city of Volgograd. Recently, river valleys have undergone a strong anthropogenic transformation. The Sukhaya Mechetka is a right tributary of the Volga River. It originates in the Gorodishchensky District of the Volgograd Region and has a total length of 18.5 km. Currently, the river has no permanent watercourse and is one of the most polluted small rivers of the Volgograd agglomeration. Natural tree plantations in the river valley are almost completely absent. In an arid climate, small river valleys are the only place where it is possible to form natural forests and artificial plantations of the forest-park type that do not require regular irrigation. Conservation and restoration of floodplain and ravine forests will significantly increase the sanitary, recreational, and aesthetic value of green spaces in the small river valleys in the Volgograd agglomeration. The purpose of the research is to assess the current state and develop mechanisms for preserving, restoring, and enriching tree plantations in the Sukhaya Mechetka River valley. The object of research is the forest flora of the Sukhaya Mechetka River valley within the boundaries of the Gorodishchensky District of the Volgograd Region and the Traktorozavodskoy District of Volgograd from the Third Longitudinal Highway to the mouth of the river between the Spartanovka Microdistrict and the GES Settlement. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the vegetation cover of the Sukhaya Mechetka River valley is a network of scattered intrazonal highly degraded ravine and floodplain plant communities. Typical ravine forest plantations are found only on the slopes of the valley in the middle reaches of the river. Introduced and invasive plant species predominate in the woodlands of the floodplain. The lowest anthropogenic load on vegetation within the study area is observed on the right slope of the valley in the middle reaches of the river. In the upper part of the slope, typical sheep fescue – needlegrass associations and ravine plantings have been preserved. The vegetation cover of the floodplain terrace has undergone a complete anthropogenic transformation. In the upper part, near the Third Longitudinal Highway, the floodplain is in long-term flooding, which resulted in the death of a large forest area containing the elm species Ulmus sp. Downstream, the Sukhaya Mechetka is represented by a cascade of ponds, between which the river has no channel. The siltation of the soil, rise and high mineralization of groundwater led to the complete domination in the vegetation cover of common reed (Phragmites australis) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.). In the lower reaches of the former suburban areas, a plant community with a specific floral composition has formed, the basis of which is the remains of fruit and berry plantations. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that many introduced species formed stable self-renewing populations, and some of them (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) are potentially invasive and require further observations of their settlement. The results of the research made it possible to identify a single area in the Sukhaya Mechetka floodplain with a small natural forest of black alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. with an area of 0.6 ha. In the alder forest area, the river valley is almost not subject to environmental transformation. The floral composition of tree stands is represented by local native plant species. It is proposed to begin the reconstruction of floodplain tree plantations with the restoration of alders and willows, which have a pronounced water-regulating and channel-forming function. To restore natural biodiversity in the floodplain part of the river, it is necessary to use local natural species: grey willow Salix cinerea L., almond willow Salix triandra L., white willow Salix alba L., black poplar Populus nigra L., white poplar Populus alba L. and common aspen Populus tremula L. In the lower terraces above the floodplain, it is possible to plant pedunculate oak Quercus robur L., common ash Fraxinus excelsior L., European crab apple Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill, warty-barked spindle tree. Euonymus verrucosus Scop., common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica L., and blackthorn Prunus spinosa L. On the upper terraces and ravine slopes, it is required to plant Russian hawthorn Crataegus ambigua C.A. Mey. ex A.K. Becker, common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Tatar maple Acer tataricum L., dog rose Rosa canina L., dwarf Russian almond Amygdalus nana L., Iberian spirea Spiraea hypericifolia L., Russian salt tree Halimodendron halodendron Pall., etc. When carrying out environmental rehabilitation, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the safety of natural plant complexes. The design and construction of anti-erosion forest protection stands on the upper terraces of the river valley should be carried out taking into account the invasive activity of the species used in order to prevent their active introduction into natural ravine communities.
the study of the complex influence of weather and climatic factors and their variability on the needs of en-ergy and exergy when creating thermal comfort in a house with various engineering and architectural charac-teristics is carried out. It is confirmed that even for houses with relatively low thermal characteristics built in accordance with regulatory documents, the role of solar radiation in the formation of the heat balance, espe-cially at the beginning and end of the heating season, is important. Studies showed that due to the combined influence of external meteorological factors, with the improvement of the thermal characteristics of houses, the correlation between the energy demand for creating a favorable microclimate and the outdoor air tem-perature significantly worsens. It is determined that in this case, the value of the approximation reliability decreases from 1 (with a linear dependence) to 0.55 and lower (with the maximum possible improved ther-mal characteristics of the house today). This position significantly corrects the operating modes and charac-teristics of the ST. In particular, this makes it necessary to improve the automatic control system of ST. And this, in turn, increases the investment component of the system. A method was developed for calculating exergy needs to create thermal comfort inside the house by taking into account, using the probability theory, the influence of the random nature of meteorological factors within the heating period, on the basis of which, in the conditions of the region, it is shown and calculated that when determining the seasonal exergy needs for the heat supply of the house, the use of a stationary approach leads to an underestimation of the results by 12...28% compared to the dynamic approach
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