Адаптация видов рода Gleditsia и Robinia во многом зависит от состояния их водного режима в период вегетации. Способность удерживать и экономно расходовать воду в засушливых условиях является защитно-приспособительной функцией у интродуцированных видов. Степень засухоустойчивости различных видов рода Gleditsia и Robinia оценивалась по состоянию их водного режима в засушливый период. Исследования проводились по многолетним данным, выделяя оптимальные по влагообеспеченности и засушливые годы. В качестве объекта изучения являлись виды: R. viscosa, R. neomexicana, R. pseudoacacia, R. hispida, G. texana, G. сaspica и G. triacanthos, произрастающие в кластерных дендрологических коллекциях ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (кадастр. № 34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10; кадастр. № 34:36:0000:14:0178). Цель – сравнительная оценка адаптации видов рода Gleditsia и Robinia к особенностям водного режима в условиях каштановых почв. Установлено что наивысшие показатели водоудерживающей способности у рода Robinia имеют типичные представители и декоративные формы R. neomexicana. Низкой водоудерживающей способностью отличается R. viscosa. Содержание воды в листьях G. сaspica выше, чем у G. texana. Оводненность побегов уменьшается в течение вегетационного периода, в начале лета она находится в пределах 64,5 – 71,0 % (Gleditsia) и 69,4 – 70,2 % (Robinia). К концу вегетационного периода оводненность падает на 11,3 – 15,9 %. Максимальное снижение оводненности наблюдалось у G. texana (15,9 %). В родовом комплексе Robinia снижение оводненности наибольшее наблюдалось у R. pseudoacacia – на 10,2 – 14,7 %. Длительная засуха и высокая среднесуточная температура вегетационного периода 2020 г. ухудшила показатели водного потенциала видов рода Gleditsia и Robinia. Adaptation of species of the genus Gleditsia and Robinia largely depends on the state of their water regime during the growing season. The ability to retain and economically use water in arid conditions is a protective and adaptive function in introduced species. The degree of drought resistance of various species of the genus Gleditsia and Robinia was assessed by the state of their water regime during the dry period. The studies were conducted based on long-term data, highlighting optimal moisture availability and dry years. The following species were studied: R. viscosa, R. neomexicana, R. pseudoacacia, G. texana, G. caspica and G. triacanthos, growing in cluster dendrological collections of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Cadastre. № 34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10; Cadastre No. 34:36:0000:14:0178). The aim is a comparative assessment of the adaptation of species of the genus Gleditsia and Robinia to the peculiarities of the water regime in the conditions of chestnut soils. It was found that the highest indicators of water-holding capacity in the genus Robinia have typical representatives and decorative forms of R. neomexicana. R. viscosa has a low water-holding capacity. The water content in the leaves of G. caspica is higher than that of G. texana. The hydration of shoots decreases during the growing season, at the beginning of summer it is in the range of 64.5 – 71.0% (Gleditsia) and 69.4 – 70.2% (Robinia). By the end of the growing season, the water content drops by 11.3 – 15.9%. The maximum decrease in hydration was observed in G. texana (15.9%). In the Robinia generic complex, the greatest decrease in hydration was observed in R. pseudoacacia – by 10.2 – 14.7%. Prolonged drought and high average daily temperature of the growing season in 2020 worsened the indicators of the water potential of species of the genus Gleditsia and Robinia.
Проблема устойчивости древесных растений Gleditsia в условиях каштановых почв сухостепной зоны имеет теоретическое и практическое значение. Виды рода Gleditsia рекомендуются в сухостепных условиях для защитного лесоразведения и озеленения населенных пунктов. Они используются как главная порода в полезащитных лесных полосах, придорожных посадках, приовражных лесных насаждениях. При озеленении населенных пунктов ее высаживают в городских парках. Основным исходным материалом при размножении Gleditsia являются семена. Цель исследований -оценка морозоустойчивости и зимостойкости различных видов рода Gleditsia в условиях Волгоградской области методом промораживания в лабораторных (климатическая камера КХТ-0,22) и полевых условиях. Объектами исследования являлись виды
The Volgograd region is considered as a southern subject of Russia, with the potential for the active development of horticulture. The ameliorative role of garden protection plantings of openwork design and the experience of introduction work on the selection of adapted woody plants for a given type of plantings are shown. The limiting climatic conditions that determine the effectiveness of the creation and functioning of gardens of various types are identified. The goal is to identify the prospects of introduced species of the genus Gleditsia L. as an assortment for garden protection plantings in the south of Russia. An integrated approach was applied to assess the effectiveness of the introduction of four species and one form of the genus Gleditsia L. under conditions of chestnut soils (collections, forest plantations in the cadastral plots of the Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its branch, Volgograd Region). The natural ranges of Gleditsia L. species were identified with the allocation of USDA frost resistance zones: G. aquatica (VIb - IXb, minimum temperatures from -19 °С to -2.5 °С) and G. texana (VIIb - IXb; from -14 °С to -2,5 °С), G. triacanthos (Vа – IX zones, with temperatures from -28 °С to -5 °С). Ecological and physiological assessment showed drought resistance in conditions of moisture deficiency and high temperatures. The water content of the leaf changed slightly (about 5 %): G. caspica – 67,8 % - 62,3%, G. triacanthos – 67,2 % - 62,0 %, G. texana – 64,5 % - 60,9 %, G. japonica – 61,5 % - 57,9 %. The inventory of the forest belt with the participation of G. triacanthos revealed the differentiation of trees according to the degree of their winter hardiness: the group with winter hardiness of 3 points – 38 % of the total number of registered specimens (280); 2 points – 41 %, 1 point – 21 %. Taxation indicators and high safety (93%) of G. triacanthos plants were obtained under conditions of chestnut soils of medium and light loamy granulometric composition, which are of practical importance for calculating the reclamation effect of plantations. The results of the arealogical analysis, ecological and physiological assessment, and the study of taxation indicators made it possible to isolate the introduced species of North American origin from the Gleditsia L. polymorphic generic complex: Gleditsia texana, G. caspica, and G. triacanthos to create effective blown few-row strips.
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