Association Between Air Pollution and COVID‐19 Pandemic: An Investigation in Mumbai, India

Chattopadhyay, Aparajita; Shaw, Subhojit

doi:10.1029/2021gh000383

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Even though these areas are structured as a ward, all 55 wards individually satisfied one of the conditions for Census Town, framed by the Census Office, Government of India, of having at least 400 people per square kilometer (Cyriac & Firoz, 2022; Jain & Korzhenevych, 2020). The actual population density of this city is 4089 people per square kilometer, which is five times lower than Mumbai, the densest city in the country, with a range of 21,000 people per square kilometer (Chattopadhyay & Shaw, 2021; Shahfahad et al, 2022). As stated initially, 13 city wards do not have space for slums and informally settled dwellings.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Spatial assessment on influence of land use and population density in the achievement score of sustainable development target 11.1

Baskaran¹,

Velkennedy²

2023

Sustainable Development

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The United Nations (U.N.) has declared the present decade a “decade of action” to accelerate the phase of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) endorsed in 2015. These 17 goals are intended to protect the earth's environment, eradicate poverty and inequality, and guarantee that everyone lives in peace, harmony, and prosperity. Target 11.1 for safe and affordable housing from SDG 11: Sustainable cities and community is a crucial target for most developing nations. This target addresses the slums and informal settlements, which indicate inequalities in the urbanized city. The proportion of the population living in slum dwellings and informal settlements was the indicator to measure the achievement level of the target. The study area to assess the target is Tirunelveli City municipal corporation from southern India. The field survey was conducted in all 55 wards to locate and count the population of slums and informal settlements and to map the spatial variation of target scores among the wards. The spatial assessment was performed by comparing the attributes of population density and land use classes (water, built area, and bare land) with the achievement score of target 11.1 for each ward. With an overall score of 90.08, this city has no significant relation with population density (R2 = 0.07) and relevant land use classes (R2 = 0.05) at the ward level. The spatial tool, weighted mean centre, has concluded that slum settlements appeared randomly and dispersed throughout Tirunelveli without any pattern.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Spatial assessment on influence of land use and population density in the achievement score of sustainable development target 11.1

Baskaran¹,

Velkennedy²

2023

Sustainable Development

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“…High temperatures (Sasikumar et al., 2020 ) and air pollution concentrations (Chattopadhyay & Shaw, 2021 ) have been related to COVID‐19 spread and deaths, respectively. Therefore, we included these factors in the model and temperature was found to have a negative relation to number of doses applied and mobility index.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Effect of the U.S. Vaccination Program on the Coronavirus Positivity Rate With a Multivariate Framework

et al. 2023

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The factors influencing the incidence of COVID‐19, including the impact of the vaccination programs, have been studied in the literature. Most studies focus on one or two factors, without considering their interactions, which is not enough to assess a vaccination program in a statistically robust manner. We examine the impact of the U.S. vaccination program on the SARS‐CoV‐2 positivity rate while simultaneously considering a large number of factors involved in the spread of the virus and the feedbacks among them. We consider the effects of the following sets of factors: socioeconomic factors, public policy factors, environmental factors, and non‐observable factors. A time series Error Correction Model (ECM) was used to estimate the impact of the vaccination program at the national level on the positivity rate. Additionally, state‐level ECMs with panel data were combined with machine learning techniques to assess the impact of the program and identify relevant factors to build the best‐fitting models. We find that the vaccination program reduced the virus positivity rate. However, the program was partially undermined by a feedback loop in which increased vaccination led to increased mobility. Although some external factors reduced the positivity rate, the emergence of new variants increased the positivity rate. The positivity rate was associated with several forces acting simultaneously in opposite directions such as the number of vaccine doses administered and mobility. The existence of complex interactions, between the factors studied, implies that there is a need to combine different public policies to strengthen the impact of the vaccination program.

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“…In this study, we have seen that various MH cities have undergone significant changes in PM 2.5 levels that could trigger the outbreak of COVID-19 and make this state a hotspot in India. Generally, MH states experienced unhealthy as well as very poor air quality (Chattopadhyay and Shaw 2021 ); Bashir et al ( 2020 ) and Fattorini and Regoli 2020 ) showed how air polluted areas become COVID hotspots during this time. Hence, MH faced devastating consequences of it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential hotspot modeling and monitoring of PM2.5 concentration for sustainable environmental health in Maharashtra, India

Ruidas

Pal

2022

Sustain. Water Resour. Manag.

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Modern human civilization has suffered from the disastrous impact of COVID-19, but it teaches us the lesson that the environment can restore its stability without human activity. The Government of India (GOI) has launched many strategies to prevent the situation of COVID-19, including a lockdown that has a great impact on the environment. The present study focuses on the analysis of Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5 ) concentration levels in pre-locking, lockdown, and unlocking phases across ten major cities of Maharashtra (MH) that were the COVID hotspot of India during the COVID-19 outbreak; phase-wise and year-wise (2018–2020) hotspot analysis, box diagram and line graph methods were used to assess spatial variation in PM 2.5 across MH cities. Our study showed that the PM 2.5 concentration level was severe at pre-lockdown stage (January–March) and it decreased dramatically at the lockdown stage, later it also increased in its previous position at the unlocking stages, i.e., PM 2.5 decreased dramatically (59%) during the lockdown period compared to the pre-lockdown period due to the shutdown of outdoor activities. It returns to its previous position due to the unlocking situation and increases (70%) compared to the lockdown period which illustrated the ups and downs of PM 2.5 and ensures the position of different cities in the Air Quality Index (AQI) categories at different times. In the pre-lockdown phase, maximum PM 2.5 concentration was in Navi Mumbai (NAV) (358) and Mumbai (MUM) (338), and Pune (PUN) (335) and Nashik NAS (325) subsequently, whereas at the last of the lockdown phase, it becomes Chandrapur (CHN) (82), Nagpur (NAG) (76), and Solapur (SOL) (45) subsequently. Hence, the restoration of the environment during the lockdown phase was temporary rather than permanent. Therefore, our findings propose that several effective policies of government such as relocation of polluting industries, short-term lockdown, odd–even vehicle number, installation of air purifier, and government strict initiatives are needed in making a sustainable environment.

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Association Between Air Pollution and COVID‐19 Pandemic: An Investigation in Mumbai, India

Cited by 16 publications

References 53 publications

Spatial assessment on influence of land use and population density in the achievement score of sustainable development target 11.1

Spatial assessment on influence of land use and population density in the achievement score of sustainable development target 11.1

Assessing the Effect of the U.S. Vaccination Program on the Coronavirus Positivity Rate With a Multivariate Framework

Potential hotspot modeling and monitoring of PM2.5 concentration for sustainable environmental health in Maharashtra, India

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