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Sample surveys ofthe population ofthe same London suburb, conducted in 1965 and, were studied to trace changes in drinking habits. Over the nine year period, per capita consumption increased 47 %, but there was no change in the proportion of abstainers, and the drinking population did not drink any morefrequently in 1974 than they had in 1965. The increase in mean consumption was due largely to a 56 % increase in average drinking day consumption. Drinking on weekdays became as frequent and as heavy as weekend drinking had been in 1965, and there was also a general shift towards drinking more at home.The populations were categorised into 18 demographic sub-groups on the basis of age, sex and occupational status. Each group followed the main trend in overall consumption, except for changes in the types of beverage consumed. Relative differences between the drinking habits of the sexes and the age groups remained fairly consistent, but the frequency of drinking and the beverage choice of the lower status group moved closer towards that of the upper status group.Changes in drinking habits within the suburb which did not replicate national changes were related to factors peculiar to the suburb's population, but a consideration ofthe validity of sample data concluded that such longitudinal surveys could produce valid and reliable data on changes in overall drinking habits.

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Spatial hot-spots of COVID-19 infections and fatalities are observed at places exposed to high levels of air pollution across many countries. This study empirically investigates the relationship between exposure to air borne pollutants i.e. sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter (SO2, NO2 and PM10) and COVID-19 infection and death at the smallest administrative level (ward) of Mumbai city in India. The paper explores two hypothesises -COVID-19 infection is associated with air pollution and the pollutants act as determinants of COVID-19 deaths. Kriging is used to assess the spatial variations of air quality using pollution data, while information on COVID-19 are retrieved from the database of Mumbai municipality. Annual average of PM10 in Mumbai over the past three years is much higher than the WHO specified PM10 standard across all wards; further, suburbs are more exposed to SO2, and NO2 pollution. Bivariate local indicator of spatial autocorrelation finds significant association between pollution and COVID-19 infected cases in certain suburban wards of Mumbai.Spatial Auto Regressive models suggests that COVID-19 death in Mumbai wards is distinctly associated with exposure to NO2 (β=0.00101; p<0.01), higher population density and number of drains.If specific pollutants along with other factors play considerable role in COVID-19 death, it has strong implications for any mitigation strategy development with an objective to curtail the spreading of the respiratory disease. These finding, first of its kind in India, could prove to be significant pointers towards disease alleviation and better urban living.

Introduction Advancement in the field of gerontology has been concerned with the well-being of older adults in a family setup that is associated with caregiving and support. While family life and well-being are defined by emotion, caregiving, and support activities, dissatisfaction/discontent with living arrangements is a public health concern, which is increasing with a rise in the proportion of the older population in the country. The study examines the association of dissatisfaction with living arrangements with health outcomes among older men and women in India. Methods The present research used data from the 'Building a Knowledge Base on Population Aging in India'. The effective sample size for the analysis was 9181 older adults. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were performed to present the preliminary estimates. For finding the association between various health outcomes over explanatory variables, binary logistic regression model was used separately for men and women. Results About 22.8% of men and 30.8% of women who were living alone were dissatisfied with their present living arrangement. It was revealed that both men and women who were dissatisfied with their present living arrangements had significantly higher odds of experiencing poor self-rated health [OR:4.45, 3.25 ~ 6.09 and OR:3.32, 2.54 ~ 4.34], low psychological health [OR: 2.15, 1.61 ~ 2.86 and OR: 1.99, 1.57 ~ 2.53], low subjective well-being [OR: 3.37, 2.54 ~ 4.45 and OR: 3.03, 2.36 ~ 3.38], low ADL [OR: 1.77, 1.2 ~ 2.62 and OR: 1.59, 1.17 ~ 2.18, low IADL] [OR: 1.32, 1.03 ~ 1.69 and OR: 1.57, 1.24 ~ 1.98] and low cognitive ability [OR: 1.26, 0.98 ~ 1.61 and OR:1.44, 1.13 ~ 1.82] in comparison to their counterpart from men and women respectively. Conclusion It is found that dissatisfaction with the living arrangement of older men and women is negatively associated with major health outcomes. Hence, appropriate policies and programs must be developed to promote increased family care and support and an improved residential environment that would create a feeling of comfort and happiness among older individuals.