Association Between Tobacco Smoking and Dental Caries in the Indonesian Population: Results of a National Study in 2018

Abstract

Objectives: The 2018 Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS), conducted by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia showed a high prevalence of dental caries (88.8%) in Indonesia and suggested that smoking tobacco was associated with an increased risk of dental caries. This study analyzed the association between tobacco smoking and dental caries in the Indonesian population.Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis of secondary data collected from RISKESDAS 2018. The study population included 35 391 Indonesians aged ≥10 years from all 34 provinces. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index was used to measure dental caries. Smoking status was assessed qualitatively based on smoking activity, and the level of smoking exposure was assessed based on the Brinkman index. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the relationships of smoking status and smoking exposure levels with the DMFT index.Results: Of the population aged ≥10 years, 36% had a DMFT≥8 (females: 37.5%, males: 33.9%). Almost one-fourth (23.4%) were current smokers, and 4.1% were ex-smokers. Furthermore, 26.4% had a Brinkman index ≥400, indicating heavy smoking. According to the multivariate analysis, current smoking status was associated with the risk of DMFT≥8 in males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.40; 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.55; <i>p</i><0.001) and overall (aOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.14; p=0.037). In females, ex-smoking was associated with a 41% higher risk of DMFT≥8 (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.84; <i>p</i>=0.014). Heavy smoking was associated with a higher risk of DMFT≥8 in males (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.52; <i>p</i><0.001) and females (aOR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.50; <i>p</i>=0.022).Conclusions: Tobacco smoking was associated with dental caries in the Indonesian population.

Implantes dentários em pacientes tabagistas: revisão de literatura

“…O tabagismo além de ser um hábito altamente nocivo a nível sistêmico com potencial carcinogênico, pode desencadear ou agravar a infecção de carie em seus consumidores 25 . Um estudo mostrou que, a cárie dentária não tratada e a perda dentária são comumente encontradas em pacientes tabagistas, com grandes variações entre diferentes países, faixas etárias e status socioeconômico 26 .…”

Potential interaction of sugar intake and tobacco exposure on dental caries in adults-A cross-sectional study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

“… 6 There were studies demonstrated that smoking was associated with an increased risk of dental caries. 7 , 8 In addition, the results of a study in children showed that compared with the control group, the decayed, missing and filled tooth (DMFT) score, the colonization amount of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in saliva were increased, and the pH value, flow rate and buffer capacity of saliva were decreased in passive smoking children. 9 This may be due to increased tooth adhesion by Streptococcus mutans , an important cariogenic bacterium metabolizing sucrose in the presence of nicotine.…”

Letter to the Editor: Tobacco Use: Strategies for Prevention in Low and Middle-income Countries

“…In a recent article published in this journal, the authors identified tobacco use as a significant contributor to the increasing incidence of dental caries among people in Indonesia [ 1 ]. Tobacco use is currently a major global public health problem, causing the direct and indirect deaths of over 8 million people yearly.…”