Association of dietary behaviors, biochemical, and lifestyle factors with metabolic phenotypes of obesity in children and adolescents

Abstract

Background and aims To examine the association of dietary behaviors, lifestyle, and biochemical factors with metabolic phenotypes of obesity among obese Iranian children and adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of the fifth phase of CASPIAN study. Of 3840 students aged 7–18 years of 30 Iranian provinces, 408 subjects were diagnosed as obese; they were divided into metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) groups. Biochemical factors, anthropometric measures, dietary, and lifestyle habits were compared between groups. Results Of the 408 obese subjects, 68 (16.7%) were the MUO; the remaining 340 (84.3%) fall in the MHO group. The MUO group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic BPs, FBS, TG, ALT, anthropometric measures, and lower HDL levels than MHO groups (all p-value < 0.05). The frequency of high birth weight (> 4000 gr) was significantly higher in the MUO group than the MHO group (p-value: 0.04). A higher percentage of individuals with breastfeeding duration ≥ 6 month was found in the MUO group (95.5% (95% CI 86.1–98.6%)) compared to MHO group (85.7% (95% CI 80.4–89.7%)) (p-value = 0.04). Among dietary and lifestyle-related behaviors, only the frequency of salty snack consumption and eating food according to the parents’ request was significantly higher in the MUO group than the MHO group (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion Dietary habits and lifestyle factors may determine the obesity phenotypes in children and adolescents.

Chronic kidney disease predictors in obese adolescents

“…As mentioned above, the real incidence of ORG is unknown [4]. Since it is generally not possible to confirm ORG by histology, persistent albuminuria in obese individuals must be regarded as a sufficient indicator [16].…”

“…As a consequence, the steadily increasing global prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached epidemic proportions [3]. It is followed by systematically increasing incidences of obesity-related health effects in adolescents, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG)-defined as a distinct entity that includes proteinuria, glomerular enlargement, progressive glomerular sclerosis, and kidney function decline [4].…”

“…The actual incidence of ORG is unknown. This is due to the fact that the undisputed diagnosis of ORG can only be made on the basis of a kidney biopsy (and these are performed less and less frequently) [4]. Moreover, ORG development-especially in its initial stages-is usually subclinical.…”

Visceral adiposity index performed better than traditional adiposity indicators in predicting unhealthy metabolic phenotype among Chinese children and adolescents

“…At present, the underlying mechanism for determining different metabolic phenotypes was unclear, which may be related to visceral fat accumulation 12 , inflammatory factors 13 , genetics 14 , dietary intake behaviors and lifestyle habits 15 . Some studies showed that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was positively correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors 16 .…”

Socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors modifies the association between snack foods intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome

“…Intake of energy-dense nutrient poor snacks from 1 serving per day to ≥ 2 serving per week, which are high in simple sugars, sodium, saturated and trans fatty acids, impose individuals to a higher risk of CVD and MetS [7]. Additionally, a 20% increase in the frequency of snacks intake was associated with weight gain and dysglycemia [8], and metabolically unhealthy obese subjects had a higher frequency of salty snacks, compared with metabolically healthy obese subjects [9]. Furthermore, snack foods was associated with imbalance energy intake and poor diet quality, which leads to weight gain as well as oxidative stress and inflammation [10,11].…”