Association of Exposure to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation (RF-EMFR) Generated by Mobile Phone Base Stations with Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Meo, Sultan Ayoub; Alsubaie, Yazeed; Almubarak, Zaid; Almutawa, Hisham; AlQasem, Yazeed; Hasanato, Rana Muhammed

doi:10.3390/ijerph121114519

Cited by 36 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In rare but probable cases of fault removal activities such as antenna replacement as in the Table, there can be elevated SAR values in the heads and torsos of the maintenance people.In general, maintenance people will be exposed to base station EMR for about 2.5 h per day based on 50 sites per responsibility area. The immediate effects [3,4,12] and long-term effects [8] are available in academic studies. Recent studies showed much more subtle effects [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This exposure raises concerns and questions about the impact of the EMR on human health and life. A number of papers were devoted to the issue of bioelectromagnetic effects [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. These include cellular, immunological, hematological, auditory level responses to EMR exposure such as heat shock protein secretions, protein leakages, cellular ion channel anomalies, blood sugar level fluctuations, and hearing loss, as well as cognitive function degradations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Uluaydin¹,

Dlugosz²,

Şeker³

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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Mobile network operators (MNOs) concurrently use different generations of wireless technologies. The base stations (BSs) of different technology generations are co-located in order to decrease operational costs. Furthermore, the MNOs cooperate in order to co-site their base stations. Such an urban site includes more than 25 actively radiating antennas on average with different frequencies and modulations. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) measurements performed in such an environment may have reduced accuracy. In this paper, the authors propose a new approach for the measurement of EMR in multiple mobile technology interwoven urban BS sites, where more than one operator exists. The maintenance activities are also investigated with their frequency of occurrence and their duration for EMR exposure assessment and the statistics are reported for the first time in academia. On sampling the signal strength and radiation in different positions for the tested urban sites, electrical field strengths as high as 90 V/m were observed. The results are classified according to frequency bands and possible technologies. The probable bioelectromagnetic effects of such EMR exposure on maintenance workers are discussed with the provision of statistical data of co-located BSs and their maintenance activities. A new occupational EMR exposure risk assessment approach is proposed by taking into consideration the massive multiinput multioutput (MIMO) antenna technology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Uluaydin¹,

Dlugosz²,

Şeker³

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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“…Interestingly, in a recent study, 159 students in the age range 12–17 years were recruited. [20] Ninety-six male students were from school-1 where students were exposed to high-energy RF-EMF (9.601 nW/cm 2 at a frequency of 925 MHz for a duration of 6 h daily, 5 days in a week) and 63 male students were from school-2 where students were exposed to low-energy RF-EMF (1.909 nW/cm 2 at a frequency of 925 MHz for 6 h daily, 5 days in a week). At the end, it was observed that the mean HbA1c for the students who were exposed to high-energy RF-EMF was significantly higher (5.44 ± 0.22) than the mean HbA1c for the students who were exposed to low-energy RF-EMF (5.32 ± 0.34) ( P = 0.007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors conclude that students who were exposed to high-energy RF-EMF generated by mobile phone base stations had a significantly higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to their counterparts who were exposed to low-energy RF-EMF. [20] As compared to the above study where 2G network was used, in the present study, in view of increasing popularity, we exposed the subjects to 3G network with average RF-EMF energy of ~130.5 nW/cm 2 at a frequency of 2100 MHz. We observed that subtle energy levels of organs, including pancreas, reduced significantly after 15 min of RF-EMF exposure as compared to sham.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study

et al. 2017

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Background:Mobile phones induce radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) which has been found to affect subtle energy levels of adults through Electrophotonic Imaging (EPI) technique in a previous pilot study.Materials and Methods:We enrolled 61 healthy right-handed healthy teenagers (22 males and 39 females) in the age range of 17.40 ± 0.24 years from educational institutes in Bengaluru. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: (1) (mobile phone in ON mode [MPON] at right ear) and (2) mobile phone in OFF mode (MPOF). Subtle energy levels of various organs of the subjects were measured using gas discharge visualization Camera Pro device, in double-blind conditions, at two points of time: (1) baseline and (2) after 15 min of MPON/MPOF exposure. As the data were found normally distributed, paired and independent samples t-test were applied to perform within and between group comparisons, respectively.Results:The subtle energy levels were significantly reduced after RF-EMF exposure in MPON group as compared to MPOF group for following areas: (a) Pancreas (P = 0.001), (b) thyroid gland (P = 0.002), (c) cerebral cortex (P < 0.01), (d) cerebral vessels (P < 0.05), (e) hypophysis (P = 0.013), (f) left ear and left eye (P < 0.01), (g) liver (P < 0.05), (h) right kidney (P < 0.05), (i) spleen (P < 0.04), and (j) immune system (P < 0.02).Conclusion:Fifteen minutes of RF-EMF exposure exerted quantifiable effects on subtle energy levels of endocrine glands, nervous system, liver, kidney, spleen, and immune system of healthy teenagers. Future studies should try to correlate these findings with respective biochemical markers and standard radio-imaging techniques.

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“…A mobile phone terminal, which is a type of low-power, wireless transmitter-receiver, is a source of radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) [3]. In addition, mobile phone calls require the establishment of mobile phone base stations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional study of the association between mobile phone use and symptoms of ill health

Cho¹,

Lim

Jang

et al. 2016

Environ Health Toxicol

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ObjectivesThis study analyzed the associations between mobile phone call frequency and duration with non-specific symptoms.MethodsThis study was conducted with a population group including 532 non-patient adults established by the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The pattern of phone call using a mobile phone was investigated through face-to-face interview. Structured methods applied to quantitatively assess health effects are Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), Psychosocial Well-being Index-Short Form, Beck Depression Inventory, Korean-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and 12-item Short Form Health Survey where a higher score represents a higher greater health effect.ResultsThe average daily phone call frequency showed a significant correlation with the PSS score in female subjects. Increases in the average duration of one phone call were significantly correlated with increases in the severity of headaches in both sexes. The mean (standard deviation) HIT-6 score in the subgroup of subjects whose average duration of one phone call was five minutes or longer was 45.98 (8.15), as compared with 42.48 (7.20) in those whose average duration of one phone call was <5 minutes. The severity of headaches was divided into three levels according to the HIT-6 score (little or no impact/moderate impact/substantial or severe impact), and a logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between an increased phone call duration and the headache severity. When the average duration of one phone call was five minutes or longer, the odds ratio (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the moderate impact group were 2.22 and 1.18 to 4.19, respectively. The OR and 95% CI for the substantial or severe impact group were 4.44 and 2.11 to 8.90, respectively.ConclusionsMobile phone call duration was not significantly associated with stress, sleep, cognitive function, or depression, but was associated with the severity of headaches.

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Association of Exposure to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation (RF-EMFR) Generated by Mobile Phone Base Stations with Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 36 publications

References 26 publications

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study

A cross-sectional study of the association between mobile phone use and symptoms of ill health

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