Astigmatism and defocus wavefront correction via Zernike modes produced with fluidic lenses

Abstract

Fluidic lenses have been developed for ophthalmic applications with continuously varying optical powers for second order Zernike modes. Continuously varying corrections for both myopic and hyperopic defocus have been demonstrated over a range of three diopters using a fluidic lens with a circular retaining aperture. Likewise, a six diopter range of astigmatism has been continuously corrected using fluidic lenses with rectangular apertures. Imaging results have been characterized using a model eye.

Nonmechanical zoom system through pressure-controlled tunable fluidic lenses

“…Similarly in concept, there is a direct correlation in making gravitational effects negligible between the optomechanical suspension and the capability of increasing the clear aperture size for opto-mechanical lenses. By properly designing the optical lens, there is an even distribution and a continuous radius of curvature in the active optical area, which reduces undesired third-order aberrations [16]. The elastic membrane applied as our variable surface is composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).…”

“…Our research focuses on the application of fluidic lens power control through pressure-controlled elastic surface expansion. Various fluidic lens designs have produced rotationally symmetric lenses as well as cylinder lenses [16]. Further advanced technologies have coupled fluidic lenses with variable diffractive lenses, producing a hybrid achromat design [17].…”

Effect of the Liquid Density Difference on Interface Shape of Double-Liquid Lens

“…The liquid lens has the advantage of being able to change focal length without mechanically moving the lens, which can provide considerable power savings and can eliminate wear associated with moving parts [1], so it is widely used in a large variety of application areas, such as mobile phones [2], surgical instruments [3], miniature cameras [4], and so on. The doubleliquid lens [4][5][6][7] based on the electrowetting effect is highly regarded because of its outstanding performance [7].…”

Adjustable adaptive compact fluidic phoropter with no mechanical translation of lenses

“…Fluidic lenses have been used to circumvent the need to mechanically move a lens to provide optical zoom [1–3]. Similarly, we have capitalized on recent demonstrations of fluidic lenses capable of defocus (−20D to 20D) and astigmatic (0 to 8D) correction [4,5] to construct a phoropter without the need to mechanically introduce lenses into the view of the patient. The fluidic lenses have low values of higher-order Zernike terms, as demonstrated by their high visual quality with a visual Strehl ratio computed in the frequency domain of greater than 0.75 for the defocus lens and greater than 0.98 for the astigmatic lens [5].…”

“…Similarly, we have capitalized on recent demonstrations of fluidic lenses capable of defocus (−20D to 20D) and astigmatic (0 to 8D) correction [4,5] to construct a phoropter without the need to mechanically introduce lenses into the view of the patient. The fluidic lenses have low values of higher-order Zernike terms, as demonstrated by their high visual quality with a visual Strehl ratio computed in the frequency domain of greater than 0.75 for the defocus lens and greater than 0.98 for the astigmatic lens [5]. A phoropter was constructed using two astigmatic lenses oriented at 45° to each other and combined with a defocus lens, which allows for continuous spherical and cylindrical correction.…”