Athletes Health during Pandemic Times: Hospitalization Rates and Variables Related to COVID-19 Prevalence among Endurance Athletes

Silva, Fabrício Braga da; Fonseca, B.K.D.; Domecg, Fernanda; Facio, Marcelo Riccio; Prado, Christiane; Toledo, Leandro; Tuche, Walter

doi:10.36660/ijcs.20200208

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“… Brandenburg et al (2021) pointed out that healthy individuals with better cardiorespiratory fitness (able to walk 4.8 km without feeling extremely tired and able to perform slow and fast walking and running) had a lower hospitalization rate than individuals with lower cardiorespiratory fitness. Because of this, the two pieces of evidence mentioned earlier ( Brandenburg et al, 2021 ; Silva et al, 2021 ) suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness has a cardioprotective effect, reducing hospitalization rates, like that observed in the present study, i.e., individuals with lower cardiorespiratory fitness had more severe symptoms of COVID-19, although we cannot confirm such differences, given the experimental design of the present study. Besides that, it was essential to emphasize that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness could impact obese adolescents ( Alemayehu et al, 2018 ; Salvadego et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…Cardiorespiratory assessment mainly aims to verify the patients' physical capacity, effort tolerance, and possible cardiopulmonary abnormalities (Fletcher et al, 2013). Silva et al (2021) found that hospitalization rates for COVID-19 among endurance athletes were significantly lower than expected. Brandenburg et al (2021) pointed out that healthy individuals with better cardiorespiratory fitness (able to walk 4.8 km without feeling extremely tired and able to perform slow and fast walking and running) had a lower hospitalization rate than individuals with lower cardiorespiratory fitness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight or obese people post COVID-19: A comparative study

et al. 2022

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The present study aimed to evaluate the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of overweight or obese people after COVID-19. 171 volunteers of both sexes (men, n = 93 and women, n = 78) between 19 and 65 years old were allocated into three groups according to the severity of their symptoms of COVID-19: non-hospitalized people/mild symptoms (n = 61), hospitalized (n = 58), and hospitalized in an intensive care unit-ICU (n = 52). Two laboratory visits were carried out 24 h apart. First, a medical consultation was carried out, with subsequent measurement of body weight and height (calculation of body mass index) and body composition assessment via electrical bioimpedance. After 24 h, a cardiorespiratory test was performed using the Bruce protocol, with a direct gas exchange analysis. Hospitalized individuals had significantly higher values for fat mass and body fat percentage than non-hospitalized individuals (p < 0.05). Significantly higher values were found for heart rate (HR) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) for individuals who were not hospitalized when compared to those hospitalized in the ICU (p < 0.05). Significantly higher values for distance, ventilation, and the relationship between respiratory quotient were found for non-hospitalized individuals compared to hospitalized individuals and those in the ICU (p < 0.05). After the cardiorespiratory test, higher values for peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were observed for non-hospitalized individuals than for all hospitalized individuals (p < 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher at the tenth and fifteenth minute post-Bruce test in hospitalized than in non-hospitalized participants (p < 0.05). Based on these results, proposals for cardiopulmonary rehabilitation are indispensable for hospitalized groups considering the responses of blood pressure. Monitoring HR, SpO2, and blood pressure are necessary during rehabilitation to avoid possible physical complications. Volume and intensity of exercise prescription should respect the physiologic adaptation. Given lower physical conditioning among all the groups, proposals for recovering from health conditions are urgent and indispensable for COVID-19 survivors.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight or obese people post COVID-19: A comparative study

et al. 2022

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“…Little is known about the incidence of COVID-19 infection among professional footballers. Although there are some lines of evidence suggesting a low risk of COVID-19 transmission and a mild illness (in terms of symptomatic status and need for hospitalization [ 6 , 7 ] among professional footballers, little is known about the relative risk of footballers for the acquisition of COVID-19 infection [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. In addition, many of the relevant studies employed a short follow-up period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Infection among Elite Football Players: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study

Papagiannis

Laios²,

Tryposkiadis

et al. 2022

Vaccines

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Little is known about the risk of COVID-19 infection among footballers. We aimed to investigate the incidence and characteristics of COVID-19 infection among footballers. In total, 480 football players of Super League Greece and 420 staff members participated in a prospective cohort study, which took place from May 2020 to May 2021. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from footballers and staff members weekly. All samples (n = 43,975) collected were tested using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for the detection of “SARS-CoV-2”. In total, 190 positive cases (130 among professional football players and 60 among staff) were recorded. Out of the 190 cases that turned positive, 64 (34%) cases were considered as symptomatic, and 126 (66%) cases were asymptomatic. The incidence rate of a positive test result for footballers was 0.57% (confidence interval (CI) 0.48–0.68%) and for staff members it was 0.27% (CI 0.20%, 0.34%), respectively. Footballers recorded a twofold increased risk of COVID-19 infection in comparison to staff members (relative risk = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.59–2.93; p-value < 0.001). No significant transmission events were observed during the follow-up period. We found a low incidence of COVID-19 infection among professional footballers over a long follow-up period. Furthermore, the implementation of a weekly diagnostic testing (RT-PCR) was critical to break the transmission chain of COVID-19, especially among asymptomatic football players and staff members.

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“…(8-13) Since both cardiorespiratory or aerobic (14, 15) and musculoskeletal (MUSK) (16) fitness are positively and strongly associated with longer survival and several other favorable (but not all) health outcomes (17), it is plausible to speculate that individuals with higher fitness levels would have a more benign clinical course once infected by COVID-19. Indeed, there are very limited data on this matter and somewhat conflicting results (17-20). Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there are no data regarding the potential association between exercise-related variables and the most relevant outcome, i.e., death from COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the CLINIMEX exercise cohort in the year of 2020

Araújo¹,

Cg²,

Clb³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background and Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has heavily hit Brazil and, in particular, our Clinic's current location in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro city, where, as of mid-February 2021, resulting in one 1 death per 266 inhabitants. After having recently updated the vital status and mortality data in our exercise population (CLINIMEX cohort), we hypothesized that reviewing their evaluation reports would offer a unique opportunity to unearth some relevant information about the association between selected variables assessed in our comprehensive Exercise Medicine evaluation protocol; in particular, aerobic and musculoskeletal (MUSK) fitness, clinical variables, and death due to COVID-19. Methods: A retrospective study using data from the CLINIMEX cohort that included 6,101 non-athletic men and women aged >30 years who were alive as of March 12th, 2020 and who's vital status was followed up to December 14th, 2020. For data analysis, two approaches were used: 1) comparison of frequency of deaths and relative % of underlying causes of death between the last 18-months pre-pandemic and 9-month pandemic periods; and 2) data from 51 variables from the participant's most recent evaluation, including sex, age and clinical profile plus other variables obtained from physical examination, spirometry, (MUSK) fitness (e.g., sitting-rising test) and maximal cycling leg cardiopulmonary testing (e.g. maximal VO2 and cardiorespiratory optimal point) were selected for comparison between groups of non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 deaths. Results: Age at death varied from 51 to 102 years [mean = 80 years]. Only 4 participants that died, 3 COVID-19 and 1 non-COVID-19, were healthy at the time of their evaluation [p=.52]. COVID-19 was the most frequent (n=35; 36.5%) cause among the 96 deaths during this 9-month period. Comparing pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, there was a 35% increase in deaths and proportionately fewer deaths due to neoplasia and other causes but not from cardiovascular or endocrine diseases. Results of aerobic and MUSK fitness tests indicated that the majority of the study participants were relatively unfit when compared to available age and sex-reference values. Indeed, there were few differences in the 51 selected variables between the two groups, suggesting a somewhat healthier profile among COVID-19 death participants; lower body mass index [p=.04], higher % of predicted forced vital capacity [p=.04], lower number of previous percutaneous coronary interventions [p=.04] and lower resting supine diastolic blood pressure [p=.03], with no differences for aerobic/MUSK fitness variables or past history of exercise/sports [p>.05]. Conclusion: Our data support that COVID-19 was a frequent and premature cause of death in a convenience sample of primarily white, unhealthy, middle-age and elderly individuals and that data from exercise/sport history and physical fitness testing obtained some years earlier were unable to distinguish non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 deaths.

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Athletes Health during Pandemic Times: Hospitalization Rates and Variables Related to COVID-19 Prevalence among Endurance Athletes

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight or obese people post COVID-19: A comparative study

Body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight or obese people post COVID-19: A comparative study

COVID-19 Infection among Elite Football Players: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study

Mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the CLINIMEX exercise cohort in the year of 2020

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