Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Response Inhibition After Closed Head Injury in Children: Do Preinjury Behavior and Injury Severity Predict Outcome?

Schachar, Russell; Levin, Harvey S.; Max, Jeffrey E.; Purvis, Karen; Chen, Shirley

doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2501&2_10

Cited by 62 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…It permits voluntary control over responses in the presence of changing intentions, external cues or performance errors. Inhibitory control plays an important role in normal and abnormal development (e.g., Harnishfeger & Pope, 1996;Nigg, 2000;Radvansky, Zacks, & Hasher, 2005;Williams, Ponesse, Schachar, Logan, & Tannock, 1999) and deficits in inhibition are implicated in the effects of brain pathology (Aron, Fletcher, Bullmore, Sahakian, & Robbins, 2003a;Aron & Poldrack, 2005a;Schachar, Levin, Max, Purvis, & Chen, 2004). Deficient inhibition is considered to be one of the central cognitive abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to be related to its underlying neuropathology (Barkley, 2001;Willcutt, Doyle, Nigg, Faraone, & Pennington, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Restraint and Cancellation: Multiple Inhibition Deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Schachar

Logan

Robaey

et al. 2007

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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237

187

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We used variations of the stop signal task to study two components of motor response inhibition-the ability to withhold a strong response tendency (restraint) and the ability to cancel an ongoing action (cancellation)-in children with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in non-ADHD controls of similar age (ages 7-14 years). The goal was to determine if restraint and cancellation were related and if both were deficient in ADHD. The stop signal task involved a choice reaction time task (go task) which required a rapid response. The demand for inhibitory control was invoked through the presentation of a stop signal on a subset of go trials which required that the ongoing response be suspended. The stop signal was presented either concurrently with the go signal (restraint version) or after a variable delay (cancellation version). In Study 1, we compared ADHD and control children on the cancellation version of the stop task; in Study 2, we compared ADHD and controls on the restraint version. In Study 3, a subset of ADHD and control participants completed both tasks so that we could examine convergence of these dimensions of inhibition. Compared to control participants, ADHD participants showed a deficit both in the ability to cancel and to restrain a speeded motor response. Performance on the restraint version was significantly correlated with performance on the cancellation version in controls, but not in ADHD participants. We conclude that ADHD is associated with deficits in both restraint and cancellation subcomponents of inhibition.

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confidence: 99%

Restraint and Cancellation: Multiple Inhibition Deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Schachar

Logan

Robaey

et al. 2007

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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237

187

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“…However, the relatively small number of youths with a TBI may have limited the investigation’s ability to detect significant associations. Some (57,58) but not all (34) prior investigations have found equivalent rates of psychiatric symptoms among children with TBI and other kinds of injury. Anatomic differences in TBI symptom presentations may explain some of the observed variations in findings across investigations (59).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…One recent large-scale epidemiologic investigation found that beyond its association with PTSD, exposure to trauma is associated with the development of other anxiety, depressive, substance use, and disruptive behavior disorders among children and adolescents (1). Smaller-scale investigations in subgroups of injured youths have also suggested that the symptoms of other anxiety, depressive, substance-related, and behavioral disturbances can occur in the wake of traumatic physical injury (27–34). …”

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confidence: 99%

“…A review of the literature also indicates that it is unclear whether children and adolescents who incur traumatic brain injury (TBI) are particularly vulnerable to developing postinjury psychiatric disorders (32,34–40). A better understanding of the full spectrum of psychiatric disorders that may develop in the wake of childhood injury is important given that studies focusing on postinjury functional limitations suggest that higher initial emotional distress is associated with enduring functional impairments (41,42).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Association Between Traumatic Injury and Psychiatric Disorders and Medication Prescription to Youths Aged 10–19

Zatzick¹,

Grossman²

2011

Psychiatric Services

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Objective Few clinical epidemiologic investigations have assessed whether youths exposed to a traumatic injury demonstrate elevations in the full spectrum of provider-recognized psychiatric disorders compared with unexposed, noninjured youths. Methods In a population-based prospective cohort study, data for children and adolescents aged ten to 19 who were enrolled in the Group Health Cooperative health plan were screened for injury visits in the index year of 2001 (N = 20,507). Psychiatric diagnoses, including anxiety and acute stress, depressive, substance use, and disruptive behavior disorders, given to these youths over the next three years (2002–2004) were documented, as were psychotropic medication prescriptions. Regression analyses assessed for an independent association between injury and psychiatric disorders and prescription of psychotropic medication. Results In adjusted regression analyses, injury in the index year was independently associated with significantly increased odds of receiving a diagnosis of anxiety or acute stress (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–1.44), depression (OR = 1.30, CI = 1.10–1.53), and a substance use disorder (OR = 1.56, CI = 1.21–2.00) and of receiving a psychotropic medication prescription (OR = 1.37, CI = 1.20–1.57). Youths with traumatic brain injuries also were significantly more likely to receive psychotropic medication prescriptions. Conclusions Traumatic injury was independently associated with an increased risk of receiving a full spectrum of anxiety, depressive, and substance use diagnoses among youths aged ten to 19. Population-based surveillance procedures that incorporate screening and stepped-care interventions targeting the spectrum of postinjury emotional disturbances have the potential to improve the quality of mental health care for youths treated in general medical settings.

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“…Finally, several studies have shown that children with ADHD are less aware of errors. Typically, in neuropsychological tasks, they do not slow down response speed after commission errors, in contrast to normal control children (Schachar et al 2004;O'Connell et al 2009). This finding has been linked to abnormal fronto-striatal network function, especially to dysfunction of the anterior cingulate cortex (Liotti et al 2005;Albrecht et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Self-perception of self-regulatory skills in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder aged 8–10 years

Rizzo

Steinhausen

Drechsler

2010

ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord

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Several studies have reported a characteristic "positive illusory bias" in the self-evaluation of children with ADHD. However, results are controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether children with ADHD aged 8 to 10 years can rate their self-regulatory skills accurately when assessed with an age appropriate instrument. Twenty-seven children with ADHD and 27 matched normal control children completed the Self-rating Scale of Self-regulatory Function (SelfReg), a new rating scale that has been specifically designed for this age group. As expected, children with ADHD rated themselves significantly more dysfunctional than control children. In most domains, self-ratings of children with ADHD did not diverge from parent and teacher ratings to a greater extent than self-ratings of control children, although overall results indicated a moderate tendency toward a positive bias. When a cluster analysis based on discrepancies between children's and adults' evaluations was carried out, three groups with different self-rating patterns emerged: A "positive bias" group containing exclusively children with ADHD, a "negative bias" group containing both children with ADHD and control children, and the largest group of accurate self-raters which also included children from both diagnostic groups. It is concluded that overly positive self-judgments are not a ubiquitous finding in ADHD, but may be confined to a specific subgroup of children whose specific characteristics remain to be determined.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Response Inhibition After Closed Head Injury in Children: Do Preinjury Behavior and Injury Severity Predict Outcome?

Cited by 62 publications

References 52 publications

Restraint and Cancellation: Multiple Inhibition Deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Restraint and Cancellation: Multiple Inhibition Deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Association Between Traumatic Injury and Psychiatric Disorders and Medication Prescription to Youths Aged 10–19

Self-perception of self-regulatory skills in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder aged 8–10 years

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