2021
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.606350
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Autoimmune Encephalitis in Latin America: A Critical Review

Abstract: Autoimmune encephalitis is an increasingly recognized cause of encephalitis. The majority of case series report patients residing in developed countries in the northern hemisphere. The epidemiologic features of autoimmune encephalitis in Latin America are still unclear. The aim of the study was to perform a review of the clinical presentation of autoimmune encephalitis in Latin America and compare to world literature. References were identified by an in-depth literature search and selected on the basis of rele… Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(15 citation statements)
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“…Furthermore, most studies on CVT in Latin America have small samples and often do not describe the method responsible for the definitive diagnosis of CVT or the observed parenchymal alterations. These difficulties, coupled with the fact that most Latin American countries present lower middle incomes, varying levels of health care, and many isolated areas with difficult access to tertiary care ( 6 ), justify carrying out a literature review to investigate the specificities of CVT in this population. Therefore, this review is essential due to its possibility of revealing mild patterns and initial presentations of the disease that can contribute to the discussion about delays in its diagnosis.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, most studies on CVT in Latin America have small samples and often do not describe the method responsible for the definitive diagnosis of CVT or the observed parenchymal alterations. These difficulties, coupled with the fact that most Latin American countries present lower middle incomes, varying levels of health care, and many isolated areas with difficult access to tertiary care ( 6 ), justify carrying out a literature review to investigate the specificities of CVT in this population. Therefore, this review is essential due to its possibility of revealing mild patterns and initial presentations of the disease that can contribute to the discussion about delays in its diagnosis.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The main limitation in our case report was not being able to perform an AE panel antibody dosage in our hospital, which has not allowed us to know if having received the COVID-19 vaccine was the primary trigger of encephalitis symptoms or was temporarily associated with the activity of an antineuronal antibody encephalitis. This limitation could be frequent in low-resource settings, producing an underreporting of AE in Latin America [ 16 ]. However, our case is consistent with previous reports, supporting our hypothesis, therefore, it could be important to report it despite not having an AE antibody panel.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, the observed underreporting of AIE cases from Latin America suggests a pervasive issue of underdiagnosis in the region, further complicating efforts to address this condition effectively. 8 Barriers to the diagnosis and treatment of AIE in Brazil stem not only from healthcare system underfunding and the absence of a national treatment protocol but also from the limited understanding of the disease by healthcare providers. AIE encompasses a spectrum of disorders characterized by antibodies targeting neuronal surface or glial antigens, with anti-NMDAR encephalitis being the most recognized subtype.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Additionally, the observed underreporting of AIE cases from Latin America suggests a pervasive issue of underdiagnosis in the region, further complicating efforts to address this condition effectively. 8…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%