Automated sequential injection fluorimetric set-up for multiple release testing of topical formulation

Sequential Injection Analysis for Automation and Evaluation of Drug Liberation Profiles: Clotrimazole Liberation Monitoring

“…Recalculation was needed to compensate for the dilutions of the liberation medium in the Franz cell and in the sampling loop together with the volume of the acceptor by fresh medium after each sampling point. This recalculation, described elsewhere [ 5 ], uses the following Equation (1), where C n is the concentration of the n sample [ 31 ]: C n, corrected = C n, measured + volume sample /volume acceptor × C n−1, measured …”

“…Methods based on flow injection analysis (FIA) and sequential injection analysis (SIA) manifold have been applied, varying in the type of drug formulations (tablets, capsules, etc. ), parameters (dissolution or liberation), and active substance [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Among the different modifications, an important step was introducing more liberation units in one analyzer system, resulting in little time-lapse, evaluation of repeatability, and result confirmation [ 2 , 3 , 5 ].…”

“…), parameters (dissolution or liberation), and active substance [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Among the different modifications, an important step was introducing more liberation units in one analyzer system, resulting in little time-lapse, evaluation of repeatability, and result confirmation [ 2 , 3 , 5 ]. Recently, we reported the implementation of low-pressure separation to monitor more than one active substance in a single formulation [ 6 ].…”

“…Recently, we reported the implementation of low-pressure separation to monitor more than one active substance in a single formulation [ 6 ]. Flow analyzers were also proven to be compatible with the liberation tests of semisolid samples (topical formulations) through porcine skin or different synthetic membranes [ 4 , 5 , 10 ]. In addition, a flow system that combines dissolution with permeation testing was proposed [ 9 ].…”

On-line automated evaluation of lipid nanoparticles transdermal permeation using Franz diffusion cell and low-pressure chromatography

“…Automated flow methods meet this need with advantageous throughput in an affordable way. As a matter of fact, flow systems offer the possibility of combining an automated procedure for sample collection, which can be adapted to simultaneous testing of multiple samples [13] with an analysis apparatus providing real time monitoring of long-term processes associated to high sampling frequencies. In addition, this kind of systems foster sample consumption in the microliter range, introducing minimum disturbance to the volume of the acceptor medium, particularly when high sampling frequencies are involved [14].…”