Automation in analytical chemistry—from rule of thumb to fully automatedmethods. Some philosophies and socialconsequences

Abstract

Historical brief It seems a far cry from 1761 when the chemist's place ofwork was defined in the following way: 'Laboratory or Elaboratory, the chemists workhouse or the place where they perform their operations, where their furnaces are built, their vessels kept, etc. and in general the term laboratory is applied to any place where physical experiments in pharmacy, chemistry, pyrotechny etc. are performed' [-1]. By 1880 it was pointed out to the American

Automated Quantitative Enzyme Biosensing in 24-Well Microplates

“…The automation of measuring procedures is a long-standing methodical challenge for analytical chemists. − The stimulus for nonmanual approaches is the need for economical, convenient, and accurate quantitative analysis of the many analytes that are assayed in environmental, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological samples in industrial and public screening units and in academic research laboratories. Computer-controlled microfluidic systems, in which all the analytical steps take place in electrochemical flow cells, − are a standard approach for automated electroanalysis.…”