Autonomous Battery Swapping System and Methodologies of Electric Vehicles

Abstract

The transportation industry contributes a significant amount of carbon emissions and pollutants to the environment globally. The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has a significant potential to not only reduce carbon emissions, but also to provide needed energy storage to contribute to the adoption of distributed renewable generation. This paper focuses on a design model and methodology for increasing EV adoption through automated swapping of battery packs at battery sharing stations (BShS) as a part of a battery sharing network (BShN), which would become integral to the smart grid. Current battery swapping methodologies are reviewed and a new practical approach is proposed considering both the technical and socio-economic impacts. The proposed BShS/BShN provides novel solutions to some of the most preeminent challenges that EV adoption faces today such as range anxiety, grid reliability, and cost. Challenges and advancements specific to this solution are also discussed.

Analysis of the State-Dependent Queueing Model and Its Application to Battery Swapping and Charging Stations

“…When L 1 = 0, the "AF" policy operates with (T 1 , λ 2 ) and the "SF" policy operates with (T 2 , λ 1 ), meaning that controlling the interarrival time with high volatility is more effective than shortening the battery-supply interval. (5,3). It is observed that, with an increase in M, there is a reduction in the EV waiting time.…”

“…Accurate prediction of range is complicated because it depends on various factors; thus, EV-users can often feel anxious about depleting their battery before they reach their destinations [2]. As a possible solution, the deployment of battery swapping and charging stations (BSCSs) (as in Figure 1) has been proposed [3] and is being actively reviewed for commercial use [4,5]. This study deals with the economics of operating a BSCS and quality of service (Qos) is also considered.…”

Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies

“…The BSS commonly includes a vehicle platform, lift, alignment, and equipment rollers; battery lifts, conveyor shuttles, storage racks, and rails; and electrical connection alignments [53].…”

“…The electrical components of the BSS to charge the batteries include a distribution transformer, AC/DC chargers, battery packs, and a battery energy control module [53]. The transformer converts high voltage levels from the grid to a lower level, adapted to supply electricity to the batteries.…”

“…The main limitations of BSS include standardization of EV battery packs, acceptance of the BSS model, and the reliable estimation of battery state-of-health. Furthermore, the question of whether BSS are profitable has been brought up in [53].…”