“…In fact, an AV could be designed so that its driving behavior is indistinguishable from manual driving, where the AV passes the Turing test of automated driving (Emuna et al, 2020;Li et al, 2018;Stanton et al, 2020). • Right bottom: Finally, one may consider explicit anthropomorphic communication, such as eHMIs in the form of a smile/smiling face (Deb et al, 2018;Dou et al, 2021;Joisten et al, 2021;Löcken et al, 2019;Pratticò et al, 2021), artificial eyes (Chang et al, 2017;Löcken et al, 2019;Morales Alvarez et al, 2020;Verstegen et al, 2021), an animated face (Bai et al, 2021;Mahadevan et al, 2018), a robotic hand (Mahadevan et al, 2018;Zhang et al, in press), visual embodiments of a driver (Furuya et al, 2021), or a humanoid steering robot (Mirnig et al, 2017).…”