“…In addition, the majority of drain/sewer pipes are too small for human inspectors to enter (most sewer pipes are smaller than 400 mm in diameter ( Drainagesuperstore, 2022 )). To address these issues, in the last few decades, specific robots have been developed to replace human entry for inspection of buried pipes ( Scholl et al, 2000 ; Nassiraei et al, 2007 ; Kim et al, 2010 ; Wang et al, 2010 ; Lee et al, 2011 ; Lee et al, 2012 ; Qiao et al, 2013 ; Debenest et al, 2014 ; Yum et al, 2014 ; Song et al, 2016 ; Knedlová et al, 2017 ; Hayat et al, 2018 ; Li et al, 2018 ; Mills et al, 2018 ; Kakogawa and Ma, 2019 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ; Brown et al, 2021 ; Virgala et al, 2021 ; Jang et al, 2022 ; Minicam, 2022 ).…”