Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Replication in Feathers of Domestic Waterfowl

Yamamoto, Yu; Nakamura, Kikuyasu; Okamatsu, Masatoshi; Yamada, Manabu; Mase, Masaji

doi:10.3201/eid1401.071036

Cited by 46 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…10 A previous study in domestic ducks showed that H5N1 HPAI virus was able to be reisolated over a longer period from feathers than from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. 39 Similar results were found with H7N1 HPAI virus in chickens, where the viral titer in feather pulp was higher than in swabs. 4 For diagnostic purposes, feathers also have advantages over other sample types in that they are easy to collect, and their collection is minimally invasive.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Virus was reisolated from feathers in an infection study using 2 H5N1 HPAI viruses in ducks and geese, 39 and virus was also detected in feathers of infected wild swan, 40 and of chickens, quail, turkey, pheasant, and chukar partridge. 14 H5N1 HPAI virus was still infective in feathers of infected ducks stored for >5 months at 4°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,28 Findings have shown that the virus is able to replicate in feather structures of infected ducks and chickens, as indicated by either the isolation of virus or the presence of viral antigen in feather structures. 2,14,38,39 Several diagnostic methods, such as virus isolation (VI) and antigen and RNA detection tests, have been used to detect H5N1 virus in infected birds. 21,36 Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs are the samples recommended for detecting avian influenza viruses, 17,34,36 and have been widely used for avian influenza surveillance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs have been widely used for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus (HPAI virus) in birds. Previous studies have shown that the feather calamus is a site of H5N1 virus replication and therefore has potential for diagnosis of avian influenza. However, studies characterizing the value of feathers for this purpose are not available, to our knowledge; herein we present a study investigating feathers for detection of H5N1 virus. Ducks and chickens were experimentally infected with H5N1 HPAI virus belonging to 1 of 3 clades (Indonesian clades 2.1.1 and 2.1.3, Vietnamese clade 1). Different types of feathers and oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples were compared by virus isolation. In chickens, virus was detected from all sample types: oral and cloacal swabs, and immature pectorosternal, flight, and tail feathers. During clinical disease, the viral titers were higher in feathers than swabs. In ducks, the proportion of virus-positive samples was variable depending on viral strain and time from challenge; cloacal swabs and mature pectorosternal feathers were clearly inferior to oral swabs and immature pectorosternal, tail, and flight feathers. In ducks infected with Indonesian strains, in which most birds did not develop clinical signs, all sampling methods gave intermittent positive results; 3-23% of immature pectorosternal feathers were positive during the acute infection period; oropharyngeal swabs had slightly higher positivity during early infection, while feathers performed better during late infection. Our results indicate that immature feathers are an alternative sample for the diagnosis of HPAI in chickens and ducks.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks

et al. 2015

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“…However, this is likely to be because they used pre‐Qinghai Lake (2005) clade 1 isolates, and is evidence for the increased virulence for ducks of the clade 2.2 H5N1 variant that apparently emerged in the Qinghai Lake region of China in 2005 3 . Interestingly, virus was detected in wing feathers of both age groups, which has been demonstrated previously, 25 , 28 , 29 and is suggested as a possible sampling method for HPAI surveillance in wild bird populations. However, in older ducks in the present study, detection of virus was shown to be related to the level of calcification of the feather shaft and therefore the age of the bird sampled may affect the sensitivity of feather sampling as a method of surveillance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

The effect of age on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally

Löndt¹,

Núñez²,

Banks³

et al. 2009

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses have recently displayed increased virulence for wild waterfowl. Objectives To study the effect of host age on the shedding and tissue dissemination of a HPAI H5N1 virus in infected Pekin ducks. Methods Pekin ducks in two age‐matched groups (n = 18), 8 and 12 weeks old (wo) were each infected with 106 EID50/0·1 ml of HPAI A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 (H5N1, clade 2·2). Each day for 5 days, birds were monitored clinically, and cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs collected, before three birds from each group were selected randomly for post‐mortem examination. Tissue samples were collected for examination by real‐time RT‐PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Severe clinical signs, including incoordination and torticollis were observed in the 8 wo group resulting in 100% mortality by 4 dpi. Mild clinical signs were observed in the 12 wo group with no mortality. Real‐time RT‐PCR and IHC results demonstrated the systemic spread of H5N1 virus in birds of both age groups. Higher levels of virus shedding were detected in oropharyngeal swabs than in cloacal swabs, with similar levels of shedding detected in both age groups. Variations in level and temporal dissemination of virus within tissues of older ducks, and the presence of the virus in brain and heart were observed, which coincided with the appearance of clinical signs preceding death in younger birds. Conclusions These results are consistent with reports of natural infections of wild waterfowl and poultry possibly indicating an age‐related association with dissemination and clinical outcome in ducks following infection with H5N1 HPAI virus.

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“…and increased proportionally with viraemia levels. As feather pulp is highly vascularized, the elevated amounts of HPAIV may not be the only cause of an active replication in feather epidermal cells, as suggested previously (Yamamoto et al, 2008b); it may also be caused by the blood vascularizing these tissues. In infected carcasses, feather pulp was also one of the samples where the virus persisted for longer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1) in infected chickens: feather as a suitable sample for diagnosis

Busquets

Abad

Alba

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Replication in Feathers of Domestic Waterfowl

Cited by 46 publications

References 14 publications

A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks

A comparative evaluation of feathers, oropharyngeal swabs, and cloacal swabs for the detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in experimentally infected chickens and ducks

The effect of age on the pathogenesis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) infected experimentally

Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1) in infected chickens: feather as a suitable sample for diagnosis

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