Babesia bigemina sexual stages are induced in vitro and are specifically recognized by antibodies in the midgut of infected Boophilus microplus ticks

Mosqueda, Juan; Falcón, Alfonso; Alvarez, J. Antonio; Ramos, Jonathan Hernández; Oropeza-Hernandez, Luis F.; Millán, Julio Vicente Figueroa

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.07.003

Cited by 34 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…(EU1). These different stages are similar to those observed for B. bigemina [10, 20, 23], B. divergens [4], and B. canis [19] and suggest sexual reproduction of the parasites. Even if sexual development of Babesia species in their vector has long been a matter of controversy, direct proof of such an event has been obtained by DNA quantification of B. bigemina, B. canis [17] and B. divergens [16], and it is now a generally accepted phenomenon.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Experimental in vitro transmission ofBabesiasp. (EU1) byIxodes ricinus

et al. 2009

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Babesia sp. (EU1), first characterized in 2003, has been implicated in human cases of babesiosis in Italy, Austria and Germany. It has been identified in roe deer and in its suspected tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, in several European countries. The aim of the present study was to validate the competence of I. ricinus as a vector of Babesia sp. (EU1) via experimental infections. For this purpose, a parasite strain isolated from roe deer was cloned in sheep erythrocytes. After experimental infections, parasite DNA was successfully amplified by PCR in both eggs and larvae originating from infected I. ricinus females and in the salivary glands of females exposed to Babesia sp. (EU1) as nymphs. We also demonstrate that infected females were able to transmit parasite DNA during a new blood meal. Together with previous epidemiological studies, these results validate I. ricinus as a competent vector for Babesia sp. (EU1).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Experimental in vitro transmission ofBabesiasp. (EU1) byIxodes ricinus

et al. 2009

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“…About five days after attachment, each large host cell may contain thousands of differentiated pyriform sporozoites with a broad apical pole showing organelles (rhoptries and micronemes) typical of the apical complex [81]. Similar developmental features have been described for B. occultans, B. ovata, B. gibsoni, B. ovis, B. bigemina , B. bovis and B. canis [13, 58, 59, 84, 87, 96, 105]. In the case of B. canis , no sporonts have been identified and the formation of typical pyriform sporozoites apparently resulted from successive binary fission of the kinetes [105].…”

Section: Transmission and Adaptation Of Babesia Spp To Their Hostsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Once the babesia zygote has been internalized, the arrowhead organelle disintegrates and the zygote is then transformed into a motile stage, termed the ookinete. Meiosis, which indicates the beginning of sporogony in the Apicomplexa life cycle, probably occurs at this stage because the ookinete appears to be haploid [87]. The ookinete escapes from the midgut epithelium and invades the tick’s body tissues.…”

Section: The Babesia Genusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent gametocyte differentiation is linked to the presence of induction factors in ticks and specific interactions between the two organisms. The sequential development of the tick-parasite stages was demonstrated when gut material from engorged female Rhipicephalus microplus was added to cultured B. bigemina , or when culture conditions (temperature, gas) were changed [51, 87]. Thus, temperature and some “factors” present in midgut extracts from engorged ticks, but not in the bovine erythrocytes used for culture, seem to be required.…”

Section: Transmission and Adaptation Of Babesia Spp To Their Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Babesia and its hosts: adaptation to long-lasting interactions as a way to achieve efficient transmission

Chauvin

Moreau

Bonnet³

et al. 2009

Vet. Res.

213

146

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Babesia, the causal agent of babesiosis, are tick-borne apicomplexan protozoa. True babesiae (Babesia genus sensu stricto) are biologically characterized by direct development in erythrocytes and by transovarial transmission in the tick. A large number of true Babesia species have been described in various vertebrate and tick hosts. This review presents the genus then discusses specific adaptations of Babesia spp. to their hosts to achieve efficient transmission. The main adaptations lead to long-lasting interactions which result in the induction of two reservoirs: in the vertebrate host during low long-term parasitemia and throughout the life cycle of the tick host as a result of transovarial and transstadial transmission. The molecular bases of these adaptations in vertebrate hosts are partially known but few of the tick-host interaction mechanisms have been elucidated.

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“…Thus the obtained EST set represents most of the developmental cycle within the vertebrate host. Gametocytes can be induced in in vitro Babesia cultures (Mosqueda et al, 2004) but, as far as can be determined by light-microscopic parasite morphology, do not occur in the clonal line used here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of the erythrocytic stages of Babesia bovis

Vries

Corton

Harris

et al. 2006

Veterinary Parasitology

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Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) provide an efficient way to identify large numbers of genes expressed in a specific stage of the life cycle of an organism. Here we analysed $13,000 ESTs derived from the erythrocytic stage of the apicomplexan parasite Babesia bovis. The ESTs were clustered in order to obtain information on the expression level of a gene and to increase sequence length and reliability. A total of 3522 clusters were obtained and annotated using BLASTalgorithms. The clusters were estimated to represent $2600 genes of which in total $2.1 Mbp sequence information was obtained. Expression levels of the genes, as determined by the numbers of ESTs contained within a cluster, were compared to those of their closest homologs in the erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Pathways that are represented relatively abundant in B. bovis are, amongst others, the purine salvage pathway (displaying characteristics not identified before in apicomplexans), isoprenoid biosynthesis in the apicoplast and many genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Especially remarkable in the latter group are the Ftype ATPases -which are hardly expressed in P. falciparum and T. gondii -and two highly expressed glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases creating a shuttle possibly controlling the cytoplasmic NADH/NAD + -ratio. A comparison of known antigenic proteins from Australian and American strains of B. bovis with the Israel strain used here identifies considerable sequence variation in the rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1), merozoite surface proteins of the variable merozoite surface antigen (VMSA) family and spherical body proteins. Analysis of the EST clusters representing the variable erythocyte surface antigen family reveals many variant transcripts of which a few are dominant. Two putative pseudogenes also seem to be transcribed at high levels. #

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Babesia bigemina sexual stages are induced in vitro and are specifically recognized by antibodies in the midgut of infected Boophilus microplus ticks

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

Experimental in vitro transmission ofBabesiasp. (EU1) byIxodes ricinus

Experimental in vitro transmission ofBabesiasp. (EU1) byIxodes ricinus

Babesia and its hosts: adaptation to long-lasting interactions as a way to achieve efficient transmission

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of the erythrocytic stages of Babesia bovis

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