Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface

Fung, A.K.; Li, Z.; Chen, K.S.

doi:10.1109/36.134085

Cited by 1,072 publications

(638 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The dense medium phase correction factor takes into account the coherent effect of the scattering of the closely spaced scatterers. The air-snow interface, snow-sea ice interface and sea ice-ocean interface are modelled using the Integral Equation Method (IEM) [21].…”

Section: Model Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilayer Model Formulation and Analysis of Radar Backscattering From Sea Ice

Albert¹,

Lee

Ewe³

et al. 2012

PIER

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Abstract-The Antarctic continent is an extremely suitable environment for the application of remote sensing technology as it is one of the harshest places on earth. Satellite images of the terrain can be properly interpreted with thorough understanding of the microwave scattering process. The proper model development for backscattering can be used to test the assumptions on the dominating scattering mechanisms. In this paper, the formulation and analysis of a multilayer model used for sea ice terrain is presented. The multilayer model is extended from the previous single layer model developed based on the Radiative Transfer theory. The Radiative Transfer theory is chosen because of its simplicity and ability to incorporate multiple scattering effects into the calculations. The propagation of energy in the medium is characterized by the extinction and phase matrices. The model also incorporates the Dense Medium Phase and Amplitude Correction Theory (DM-PACT) where it takes into account the close spacing effect among scatterers. The air-snow interface, snow-sea ice interface and sea ice-ocean interface are modelled using the Integral Equation Method (IEM). The simulated backscattering coefficients for co-and cross-polarization using the developed model for 1 GHz and 10 GHz are presented. In addition, the simulated backscattering coefficients from the multilayer model were compared with the measurement results obtained from Coordinated Eastern Artic Experiment (CEAREX) (Grenfell, 1992) and with the results obtained from the model developed by Saibun Tjuatja (based on the Matrix Doubling method) in 1992.

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Section: Model Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilayer Model Formulation and Analysis of Radar Backscattering From Sea Ice

Albert¹,

Lee

Ewe³

et al. 2012

PIER

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“…The bistatic scattering coefficients γ(θ s , ϕ s ; θ i ) (different from previous scattering coefficients κ s ) of ocean surface can be determined using the IEM model [14,22]. Then, the surface scattering phase matrix is expressed as…”

Section: Surface Scattering and Phase Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emission model accounts for multiple scattering within the foam layer and interactions between the foam layer and randomly rough air-foam and foam-seawater interfaces. The surface/interface scattering phase matrices are determined using the integral equation model (IEM) [14]. The foam layer scattering characteristics (i.e., scattering and absorption coefficients and phase matrix) and the interface scattering phase matrices are incorporated into the vector radiative transfer/matrix doubling formulation for computing the brightness temperature of the foam-covered ocean surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Numerical Study on Physical Characterizations of Microwave Scattering and Emission From Ocean Foam Layer

Jiang¹,

Xu²,

Chen³

et al. 2017

PIER B

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Abstract-This paper presents a numerical study of microwave scattering and emission from a foamcovered ocean surface. The foam layer is modeled as an inhomogeneous layer with randomly rough airfoam and foam-seawater boundaries. Kelvin's Tetrakaidecahedron structure is selected as the skeleton for simulating the air bubbles in the foam layer. The electromagnetic characteristics of the foam layer, including absorption and scattering coefficients for both vertical and horizontal polarizations, are calculated using a multilevel volume UV fast algorithm to accelerate the numerical computation of three dimensional Maxwell's equations. The surface scattering at air-foam and foam-seawater interfaces is determined using the integral equation model (IEM). The microwave emission from the foam-covered ocean surface, which accounts for multiple incoherent interactions within the foam layer and between the foam and interfaces, is modeled using the vector radiative transfer approach and numerically solved using the matrix doubling method. The model analyses of volume scattering and absorption of the foam layer reveal that the volume scattering coefficient of a foam layer increases with increasing water fraction at all selected frequencies, and its polarization dependence is negligible at a water fraction less than 2%. At 10.8 GHz and 18 GHz, the H-polarized scattering coefficient is smaller than the Vpolarized scattering coefficient for a larger water fraction; the opposite occurs at 36.5 GHz, at which V polarized scattering is weaker compared to H-polarized scattering. The model analyses of emission from a foam-covered ocean surface reveal that the emissivities at all selected operating frequencies have similar dependencies with water fraction and frequency, and they exhibit different sensitivities to water fractions. Moreover, the emissivities at high operating frequencies exhibit higher sensitivities to water fractions than the lower ones.

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“…To solve the above integral equations, we follow the approach in [3,7]. Once the surface fieldsn× E, n × H are solved, the scattered filed are obtained by (3a) and (3b).…”

Section: Formulation Of the Wave Scattering From A Rough Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to tackle the complex and sometimes intricate mathematical derivations and yet to retain a high level of accuracy beyond conventional models, notably, Kirchhoff and small perturbation method (SPM), the integral equation model (IEM) has been developed by Fung et al [3,7,8] under several physical-justified assumptions. Among the assumptions, one was to use a simplified Green's function by dropping off the phase term associated with the random surface height.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extension and Validation of an Advanced Integral Equation Model for Bistatic Scattering From Rough Surfaces

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Li³

et al. 2015

PIER

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Abstract-This paper deals with the modeling of bistatic scattering from a randomly rough surface. An advanced integral equation model is presented by giving its general framework of model developments, model expressions, and predictions of bistatic scattering for various surface parameters. Extension work to improve the model accuracy is also reported in more detail. In particular, the transition function for the Fresnel reflection coefficient is in more general form. Model predictions are illustrated, demonstrated, and validated by extensive comparisons with numerical simulations. The updated advanced integral equation model remains a compact algebraic form for single scattering and substantially improves prediction accuracy in bistatic scattering that is drawing more emerging applications in earth remote sensing.

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Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface

Cited by 1,072 publications

References 11 publications

Multilayer Model Formulation and Analysis of Radar Backscattering From Sea Ice

Multilayer Model Formulation and Analysis of Radar Backscattering From Sea Ice

A Numerical Study on Physical Characterizations of Microwave Scattering and Emission From Ocean Foam Layer

Extension and Validation of an Advanced Integral Equation Model for Bistatic Scattering From Rough Surfaces

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