Bacterial Antigens and Neutrophil Granule Proteins in Middle Ear Effusions

Miller, Mitchell B.; Koltai, Peter J.; Hetherington, Seth

doi:10.1001/archotol.1990.01870030099017

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…mRNA was extracted from the frozen middle ear samples using Dynabeads oligo(dT) 25 (Dynal A.S, Oslo, Norway) as specified by the manufacturer. After the mRNAs were eluted from the beads, they were reverse transcribed with the Superscript preamplification system for first-strand cDNA synthesis (Gibco BRL).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although AOM is usually treated as a single entity, both human and experimental-animal studies suggest that there are differences in host responses depending on the organism involved (14,19,26). There are indications that H. influenzae antigens evoke a greater local inflammatory response than pneumococcal antigens do (25). Pneumococcal infection, on the other hand, is clinically more severe and involves a higher risk of serious disease and intracranial complications (4,29,32).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Expression of Cytokine Genes during Pneumococcal and NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeAcute Otitis Media in the Rat

Melhus¹,

Ryan²

2000

Infect Immun

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Acute otitis media (AOM) elicits potent inflammatory responses from the cells of the middle ear mucosa as well as from infiltrating leukocytes. To explore host responses during experimental AOM induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), otomicroscopy findings and expression of cytokine genes in the middle ear were monitored up to 1 month postinoculation. The mucosa and infiltrating cells responded rapidly to the bacterial challenge. Otomicroscopically, AOM appeared 1 day after NTHi inoculation and 3 days after pneumococcus inoculation. Pneumococcal AOM was more severe than NTHi otitis, but in general, lower transcript levels were detected in pneumococcus-infected than in NTHi-infected animals. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA levels peaked at 3 to 6 h for both pneumococcus-infected and NTHiinfected animals. IL-1␣, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-10 mRNA levels peaked at 6 h for NTHi otitis and 1 to 3 days for pneumococcal otitis. Comparing otomicroscopy with expression profiles, it would appear that the majority of cytokine mRNAs had passed their peak before the AOM diagnosis could be made clinically. Only transforming growth factor ␤ mRNA followed a slower time course, peaking very late and continuing expression even after the AOM was otomicroscopically resolved. IL-2 and IL-4 mRNAs were not detected in any animal at any time. Most of the investigated cytokines are very early markers for AOM and may be involved in initiation of inflammation, but they would be poor targets for pharmacological manipulation since their levels decline before clinical signs appear.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Expression of Cytokine Genes during Pneumococcal and NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeAcute Otitis Media in the Rat

Melhus¹,

Ryan²

2000

Infect Immun

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“…Although other rapid tests for pneumococcal antigen detection have been marketed, the NOW test has several distinct advantages. Unlike other tests such as countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis or latex agglutination, which utilize multiple capsular polysaccharide antigens, the NOW test uses a single cell wall polysaccharide that is present on all clinical strains of S. pneumoniae (6,7). This enables the NOW test to detect all isolates of S. pneumoniae rather than the more common types tested for by the countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis and latex agglutination kits.…”

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confidence: 99%

New Technique (the NOW Test) for Rapid Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Nasopharynx

et al. 2002

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Although the NOW test was originally introduced as a rapid pneumococcal antigen detection test for use with urine samples, it was successfully adapted to nasopharyngeal samples in the present study. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the test were 92.2, 97.7, 95.9, and 95.5%, respectively. These results demonstrate that nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae can be documented within 15 min of sample collection.Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading bacterial cause of respiratory infections in children and of acute otitis media (AOM) in particular (8). Simultaneous cultures from nasopharynx and middle ear samples from patients with AOM demonstrate the same pathogen in a high proportion of cases (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)9). This study was designed to determine the reliability of a rapid pneumococcal antigen test in detecting the presence or absence of S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynxes of children with or without AOM.Children below the age of 15 years were enrolled at three office sites after we obtained informed consent. The enrollees had to be either healthy or ill with AOM. The children were enrolled without regard to sex or race. Children were excluded from the study if they had been treated with antibiotics within the past month. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained with Mini-tip Culturettes (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, Md.). The specimens were cultured within 12 h of collection. The specimens were cultured on sheep blood agar and chocolate agar. The plates were incubated at 36°C in 5% CO 2 for 18 to 24 h. S. pneumoniae was identified by colonial morphology, Gram stain characteristics, optochin sensitivity, and bile solubility. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae was identified by growth on chocolate agar, colonial morphology, Gram strain characteristics, a growth requirement for X and V factors, and failure to agglutinate with typing antisera. Moraxella catarrhalis was identified by colonial morphology, Gram stain characteristics, and the biochemical reaction of butyrate esterase.The NOW test was obtained from Binex, Inc., Portland, Maine. It is an in vitro rapid immunochromatographic assay for the detection of S. pneumoniae cell wall polysaccharide in urine specimens from patients with symptoms of pneumonia. The test kit incorporates rabbit anti-S. pneumoniae antibody adsorbed onto a nitrocellulose membrane. If pneumococcal cell wall polysaccharide is in the specimen, an easily discernible pink-to-purple line appears within 15 min on the membrane. A control is included to ensure the validity of the test. We adapted the test to detect pneumococcal antigen in the nasopharynxes of children colonized with S. pneumoniae. The same swab used to collect the sample for culture was used for the NOW test. The procedure was conducted according to the directions in the kit. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the NOW test were calculated for the total population and for the healthy and AOM subpopulations a...

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“…Significant differences between control and patients with OME are indicated by *(p < 0.05), **(p < 0.01), and ***(p < 0.001), respectively; ns = not significant. compared to allergic asthma, and this would again emphasize the multifactorial characteristics of OME [31,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Eosinophils and neutrophils in biopsies from the middle ear of atopic children with otitis media with effusion

Amin¹,

Hurst

Roomans³

et al. 1999

Inflammation Research

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Bacterial Antigens and Neutrophil Granule Proteins in Middle Ear Effusions

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Expression of Cytokine Genes during Pneumococcal and NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeAcute Otitis Media in the Rat

Expression of Cytokine Genes during Pneumococcal and NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeAcute Otitis Media in the Rat

New Technique (the NOW Test) for Rapid Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Nasopharynx

Eosinophils and neutrophils in biopsies from the middle ear of atopic children with otitis media with effusion

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