Bacterial pathogens of oyster larvae (Crassostrea gigas) in a Tasmanian Hatchery

Garland, C. D.; Nash, G. V.; Summer, CE; McMeekin, TA

doi:10.1071/mf9830483

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The finding in this study that some bacteria are pathogenic but that many, even at high concentration, cause little or no mortality to Tridacna gigas larvae may be significant for the development of new disease-control stategies. Similar results were found by Garland et al (1983) in investigation of Crassostrea gigas culture. It raises the possibility of future application of non-pathogenic bactena as competitors of disease-causing species in hatchery situations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In bivalves, most reports of bacterial disease have come from studies of cornrnercial species from temperate regions. The species include the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Tubiash et al 1965,1970, Brown 1973, 1974, 1983, Brown & Losee 1978, Elston & Leibovitz 1980, the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Guillard 1959, Brown 1974, Brown & Tettelbach 1988, the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis (Tubiash et al 1965, 1970, Helm & Smith 1971, DiSalvo et al 1978) and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gjgas (Jeffries 1982, Garland et al 1983. In many cases, bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio have been found to be the principle disease agents, but aeromonads and pseudomonads have also been implicated (Sindermann 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial disease of cultured giant darn Tridacna gigas larvae

Sutton¹,

Garrick²

1993

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The role of bacteria in mortality of the planktonic larval stage of cultured giant clams Tridacna gigas was examined. Addltion of the antibiotic chlorarnphenicol at 5 ppm reduced larval mortality and confirmed the involvement of bacteria in disease prior to settlement. Syn~ptoms of bacterial disease were usually rapid and profuse bacterial growth on and in larval clams and disintegration of most tissues withln 48 h. Results of tests in which larvae were exposed to 10' bacteria ml-' suggested that bacteria belonging to the genera Vibrio and Aeromonas are often pathogenic to larval clams and that those in other genera are less frequently pathogenic. Bacterial isolates with characteristics most s~milar to V. metschnikovii , V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V . splendids 1, V. campbelli, V. orientalis and Photobacterium (Vibrio) damsela caused 100 % mortality. Mortality varied with different isolates of V. metschnjkovii , V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi and P. damsela, suggesting isolatespecific pathogenicity. The results are discussed in terms of current knowledge of bacterial diseases of cultured marine invertebrates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial disease of cultured giant darn Tridacna gigas larvae

Sutton¹,

Garrick²

1993

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Toxicity to larvae was determined by visualization with an inverted microscope. We considered oyster larvae dead when the larvae stopped moving, the velum was grossly damaged, and the larvae appeared to be darkened, similar to phenotypes described by Garland et al (16). Concentrations of protease inhibitors were as follows: EDTA, 10 mM; 1,10-phenanthroline (PTL), 10 mM; tetraethylenepentamine (TEP), 10 mM; pepstatin A (PPA), 1 mM; phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 10 mM; and E-64, 1 mM.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extracellular Metalloprotease ofVibrio tubiashiiIs a Major Virulence Factor for Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Larvae

Hasegawa

Lind

Boin

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

131

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Vibrio tubiashii is a recently reemerging pathogen of larval bivalve mollusks, causing both toxigenic and invasive disease. Marine Vibrio spp. produce an array of extracellular products as potential pathogenicity factors. Culture supernatants of V. tubiashii have been shown to be toxic to oyster larvae and were reported to contain a metalloprotease and a cytolysin/hemolysin. However, the structural genes responsible for these proteins have yet to be identified, and it is uncertain which extracellular products play a role in pathogenicity. We investigated the effects of the metalloprotease and hemolysin secreted by V. tubiashii on its ability to kill Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae. While V. tubiashii supernatants treated with metalloprotease inhibitors severely reduced the toxicity to oyster larvae, inhibition of the hemolytic activity did not affect larval toxicity. We identified structural genes of V. tubiashii encoding a metalloprotease (vtpA) and a hemolysin (vthA). Sequence analyses revealed that VtpA shared high homology with metalloproteases from a variety of Vibrio species, while VthA showed high homology only to the cytolysin/hemolysin of Vibrio vulnificus. Compared to the wild-type strain, a VtpA mutant of V. tubiashii not only produced reduced amounts of protease but also showed decreased toxicity to C. gigas larvae. Vibrio cholerae strains carrying the vtpA or vthA gene successfully secreted the heterologous protein. Culture supernatants of V. cholerae carrying vtpA but not vthA were highly toxic to Pacific oyster larvae. Together, these results suggest that the V. tubiashii extracellular metalloprotease is important in its pathogenicity to C. gigas larvae.Vibriosis caused by marine Vibrio species is considered one of the most serious diseases of hatchery-reared oyster larvae (10,11,17,47,52). The disease is characterized by a rapid and dramatic reduction in larval motility, detached vela, and necrotic soft tissue, which lead to high mortality rates, exceeding 90% within 1 day of infection (45). Pathogenic agents that cause larval bivalve vibriosis have intermittently and severely curtailed shellfish hatchery production on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, causing substantial losses in the industry (3, 10, 13). Vibrio tubiashii, a bacterial species first reported by Tubiash et al. (51), was identified as a causative agent of vibriosis (originally referred to as bacillary necrosis) in larval and juvenile bivalves of the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Estes et al. (14) characterized a number of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacterial strains from diseased Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) at shellfish hatcheries on the Pacific coast of North America and described some of the highly pathogenic bacterial isolates as V. tubiashii.The genus Vibrio is the largest member of the family Vibrionaceae, which includes gram-negative and curved rod-shaped facultative anaerobes. The genus consists of at least 30 known species, which are w...

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“…Besides this, many strains have harmful effects (e.g. Walne, 1958;Guillard, 1959;Loosanoff and Davis, 1963;Tubiash et al, 1965;Tubiash, 1972;Brown, 1973;Garland et al, 1983). And, indeed when occurring individually, most bacteria (diameter 0.3 to 0.8 pm) are too small to be ingested by bivalve larvae.…”

Section: Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological energetics of mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis). II Food uptake

Sprung¹

1984

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Food uptake of marine mussel larvae (Mytilus edulisL.) was estimated in relation to larval size, temperature (6, 12, 18°C) and food concentration (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 Isochrysis galbana cells 1r1-I). Filtration rates were maximal at low food concentrations (between 1 and 5 cells 1r1-l). This was called 'filtration capacity' and expressed as a function of larval size. Ingestion rates reached a plateau with increasing food concentration above 10 cells p1-l. Maximum rates were called 'ingestion capacity' and expressed as weight and volume of particles passed through the gut. When previously starved larvae enter a food suspension of more than 10 cells p1 l , ingestion rate overshoots the ingestion capacity level for up to 1.5 h at 12°C. This is caused by filling of the gut, because it was not paralleled by a n overshoot of the filtration rate above the filtration capacity level Particles between 1 and 9 ktm diameter were taken up, with maximum retention efficiency at about 3.5 pm particle diameter.

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Bacterial pathogens of oyster larvae (Crassostrea gigas) in a Tasmanian Hatchery

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Bacterial disease of cultured giant darn Tridacna gigas larvae

Bacterial disease of cultured giant darn Tridacna gigas larvae

The Extracellular Metalloprotease ofVibrio tubiashiiIs a Major Virulence Factor for Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Larvae

Physiological energetics of mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis). II Food uptake

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