Bacterial Resistance Against Antibiotics

Kumar, Anil; Chordia, Nikita

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48683-3_7

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Secondary infections can also be acquired from the patient's environment i.e., hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections. Nosocomial pathogens are often resistant to a wide range of antibiotics; a result of increased use of antibiotics and decades of over- and misuse resulting in selection for multi-drug resistant pathogens (MDR pathogens) ( 20 ). MDR is a global problem with >50,000 people per year infected, of which in ~25% of the cases no effective antibiotic is available ( 21 ) as many major pharmaceutical stakeholders have discontinued their search for new chemical antimicrobials ( 22 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MDR is a global problem with >50,000 people per year infected, of which in ~25% of the cases no effective antibiotic is available ( 21 ) as many major pharmaceutical stakeholders have discontinued their search for new chemical antimicrobials ( 22 ). Antibiotic resistant organisms include Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Drug-resistant Streptococcus , Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), drug-resistant Mycobacterium , Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), Colistin-resistant Klebsiella , Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ( 20 ). If a patient with a viral infection is unfortunate to become infected by MDR bacteria, no standard treatment is currently available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients With Viral Pneumonia

et al. 2020

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Pulmonary diseases of viral origin are often followed by the manifestation of secondary infections, leading to further clinical complications and negative disease outcomes. Thus, research on secondary infections is essential. Here, we review clinical data of secondary bacterial infections developed after the onset of pulmonary viral infections. We review the most recent clinical data and current knowledge of secondary bacterial infections and their treatment in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients; case reports from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV2 and the best-studied respiratory virus, influenza, are described. We outline treatments used or prophylactic measures employed for secondary bacterial infections. This evaluation includes recent clinical reports of pulmonary viral infections, including those by COVID-19, that reference secondary infections. Where data was provided for COVID-19 patients, a mortality rate of 15.2% due to secondary bacterial infections was observed for patients with pneumonia (41 of 268). Most clinicians treated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections with prophylactic antibiotics (63.7%, n = 1,901), compared to 73.5% ( n = 3,072) in all clinical reports of viral pneumonia included in this review. For all cases of viral pneumonia, a mortality rate of 10.9% due to secondary infections was observed (53 of 482). Most commonly, quinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides were administered, but also the glycopeptide vancomycin. Several bacterial pathogens appear to be prevalent as causative agents of secondary infections, including antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients With Viral Pneumonia

et al. 2020

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“…Microbial infections, especially those caused by resistant bacteria have become problematic due to increasing ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotics [ 1 ]. The overuse of antibiotics in health care settings and agriculture, coupled with the slow pace of new antimicrobial discoveries and approvals over the last few decades, have resulted in many new resistant bacterial strains that complicate the well-being of humans, food security, and societal development [ 2 , 3 ]. Therefore, there is an increased interest by the scientific community to explore new avenues to circumvent the problem with resistant bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facially amphiphilic polyionene biocidal polymers derived from lithocholic acid

Ganewatta

Rahman

Mercado

et al. 2018

Bioactive Materials

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Bacterial infections have become a global issue that requires urgent attention, particularly regarding to emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria. We developed quaternary amine-containing antimicrobial poly(bile acid)s that contain a hydrophobic core of lithocholic acid in the main-chain. Interestingly, by choosing appropriate monomers, these cationic polymers can form core-shell micelles. These polymers exhibited biocidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. It is demonstrated that the micelles can deliver hydrophobic antibiotics that functionally have dual antimicrobial activities. Cytotoxicity assays against HeLa cells showed dosage-dependent toxicity for polymers with longer linkers.

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“…Antibiotics therapies deployed as a “last resort” or the use of exceptionally high doses of antibiotics often have negative consequences. Many key human pathogens are showing resistance to antibiotics including Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant Streptococcus , Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), resistant Mycobacterium , Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), Colistin-resistant Klebsiella , Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ( Kumar and Chordia, 2017 ). The problem is exacerbated by the discontinuation by big pharma of chemical antibiotics discovery programs in the search for chemical antibiotics ( Loh and Leptihn, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Bacterial Infections During Pulmonary Viral Disease: Phage Therapeutics as Alternatives to Antibiotics?

et al. 2020

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Secondary bacterial infections manifest during or after a viral infection(s) and can lead to negative outcomes and sometimes fatal clinical complications. Research and development of clinical interventions is largely focused on the primary pathogen, with research on any secondary infection(s) being neglected. Here we highlight the impact of secondary bacterial infections and in particular those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains, on disease outcomes. We describe possible non-antibiotic treatment options, when small molecule drugs have no effect on the bacterial pathogen and explore the potential of phage therapy and phage-derived therapeutic proteins and strategies in treating secondary bacterial infections, including their application in combination with chemical antibiotics.

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Bacterial Resistance Against Antibiotics

Cited by 10 publications

References 81 publications

Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients With Viral Pneumonia

Secondary Bacterial Infections in Patients With Viral Pneumonia

Facially amphiphilic polyionene biocidal polymers derived from lithocholic acid

Secondary Bacterial Infections During Pulmonary Viral Disease: Phage Therapeutics as Alternatives to Antibiotics?

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