Bacteriological profile of blood stream infections among febrile patients attending a tertiary care centre of Western Nepal

Bhatta, Dharma Raj

doi:10.3126/ajms.v4i3.8165

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Bloodstream infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world [ 1 ]. Globally, around 200,000 cases of BSIs with mortality of rates ranging from 20 to 50% were reported annually [ 2 ]. In low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia, BSIs are a major public health concern and cause illnesses and deaths in all groups of population [ 3 ], especially in immunocompromised individuals such as patients in an intensive care unit (ICU), elders, children [ 4 ], cancer patients [ 5 , 6 ], neonates [ 7 ], and patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Profile among Patients with Suspected Bloodstream Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Alemnew

Biazin

Demis

et al. 2020

International Journal of Microbiology

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Introduction. The burden of bloodstream infections (BSIs) has been warranted in Ethiopia. Globally, the emergency and raised resistance rate of bacterial antimicrobial resistance is becoming a prominent problem, and it is difficult to treat patients having sepsis. In this review, we aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of bacterial isolates among presumptive patients with bloodstream infections in Ethiopia. Methods. A systematic search was performed from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, HINARI, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar electronic databases using PRISMA guidelines. The data analysis was carried out using STATATM version 14 after the records were cleaned and sorted out. Results. A total of 26 studies with 8,958 blood specimens and 2,382 culture-positive bacterial isolates were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis derived a pooled culture-positive bacterial prevalence which was 25.78% (95% CI: 21.55–30.01%). The estimated pooled prevalence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates was 15.50% (95% CI: 12.84–18.15%) and 10.48 % (95% CI: 8.32–12.63%), respectively. The two common Gram-positive bacteria isolated from patients suspected of BSIs were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus with a pooled prevalence of 5.75% (95% CI: 4.58–6.92%) and S. aureus 7.04 % (95% CI: 5.37–8.72%). Similarly, the common Gram-negative bacterial isolates and their estimated pooled prevalence were E. coli 1.69% (95% CI: 1.21–2.16%), Klebsiella species 7.04 % (95% CI: 5.37–8.72%), Pseudomonas species 0.39% (95% CI: 0.08–0.70%), Salmonella species 1.09% (95% CI: 0.79–1.38%), and Streptococcus pyogenes 0.88% (95% CI: 0.54–1.22%). Conclusion. The prevalence of bacterial isolates among presumptive patients suspected to BSIs in Ethiopia remains high. Furthermore, we found a remarkable variation in the pathogen distribution across the study setting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Profile among Patients with Suspected Bloodstream Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Alemnew

Biazin

Demis

et al. 2020

International Journal of Microbiology

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“…Ciprofl oxacin and Gentamicin can be used as empirical antibiotics for the treatment of BSIs. 15 But the present study showed increased resistivity of pathogens towards Ciprofl oxacin. Whereas, Gentamicin still remains highly effective towards the isolates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…5 Higher occurrence of typhoid in the present study might have also occurred be due to the fact that the study was carried out during monsoon season. During this season where heavy rainfall occurs, there is 15 Bacteremia caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci is life threatening if not treated promptly. It is commonly responsible for infection in the immuno-compromised and might cause neonatal sepsis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their study showed paratyphoid fever as major cause of bacterimia whereas other study showed typhoid as major infection in patients. 15 The higher rate of infection by Salmonella spp might have occurred due to unhygienic practices, unavailability of safe drinking water, and consumption of contaminated food particles. 5 The multi-drug resistant typhoid epidemic in Bharatpur in 2002, affected more than 6,000 patients in period of 4 to 5 weeks and water was reported as a sole source of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salmonella spp is the most common isolate indicating that enteric fever is endemic in various parts of Nepal. 2,4,5,15 All the cases of enteric fever were community acquired. An experiment on 112 cases of typhoid fever in out-patients at Dhulikhel Hospital in 2004 showed a higher percentage of infection in males than in females with a ratio of 3:1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Etiology of bloodstream infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates

et al. 2015

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Background: Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a signifi cant cause of morbidity and mortality. In Nepal, very few studies on BSIs have restricted the understanding of their cause, prevention and treatment. This cross-sectional study was conducted to isolate BSIs causing pathogens and determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in patients visiting Kathmandu Model Hospital during December 2012 to May 2013. Materials and Methods: Standard laboratory procedure was used to screen, isolate and identify the bacteria from 1,205 patients. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern (AST) was analyzed by modifi ed Kirby Bauer technique and data were analyzed using SPSS version-16. Results: Out of 1,205 blood samples, 186 (15.4 %) were culture positive. The most common bacteria isolated were: Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and CoNS. Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant causes of BSIs. Salmonella Typhi was isolated in 71 % cases of bloodstream infection followed by Salmonella Paratyphi A in 16 %, Escherichia coli in 5.3 % and Klebsiella pneumoniae in 0.5 %. The gram-positive organism responsible for causing BSI was coagulase-negative staphylococcus in 7 % cases. There was no signifi cant association between bacteremia and gender of the patients. During ASTs, Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Chloramphenicol with only 0.5 % resistivity. Salmonella Typhi (85.6 % of isolates) showed resistance to Nalidixic acid. Gram-positive bacteria showed 100 % sensitivity towards Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin and were least sensitive to Amoxicillin. Conclusion: Salmonella spp., was major cause of BSIs. Increase in antibiotic resistivity for BSI causing pathogens has necessitated continuous monitoring of the susceptibility of organisms towards antibiotics.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Progress and Challenges in Eight South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries

Alvarez-Uria²,

et al. 2020

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SUMMARY Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health threat and is predicted to cause significant health and economic impacts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). AMR surveillance is critical in LMICs due to high burden of bacterial infections; however, conducting AMR surveillance in resource-limited settings is constrained by poorly functioning health systems, scarce financial resources, and lack of skilled personnel. In 2015, the United Nations World Health Assembly endorsed the World Health Organization’s Global Action Plan to tackle AMR; thus, several countries are striving to improve their AMR surveillance capacity, including making significant investments and establishing and expanding surveillance networks. Initial data generated from AMR surveillance networks in LMICs suggest the high prevalence of resistance, but these data exhibit several shortcomings, such as a lack of representativeness, lack of standardized laboratory practices, and underutilization of microbiology services. Despite significant progress, AMR surveillance networks in LMICs face several challenges in expansion and sustainability due to limited financial resources and technical capacity. This review summarizes the existing health infrastructure affecting the establishment of AMR surveillance programs, the burden of bacterial infections demonstrating the need for AMR surveillance, and current progress and challenges in AMR surveillance efforts in eight South and Southeast Asian countries.

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Bacteriological profile of blood stream infections among febrile patients attending a tertiary care centre of Western Nepal

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Bacterial Profile among Patients with Suspected Bloodstream Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bacterial Profile among Patients with Suspected Bloodstream Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Etiology of bloodstream infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates

Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Progress and Challenges in Eight South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries

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