Ballistic comparison between epoxy-ramie and epoxy-aramid composites in Multilayered Armor Systems

Braga, Fábio de Oliveira; Milanezi, Thiago Lara; Monteiro, Sérgio Neves; Louro, Luís Henrique Leme; Gomes, Alaelson Vieira; Lima, Enrique Luis

doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.06.018

Cited by 62 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, level IIIA ballistic vests, which protect against ammunition with an impact velocity lower than 450 m/s, such as 9 mm and .44 Magnum bullets, are often transformed into level III for protection against 7.62 mm bullets by placing inserts (armor plates) on the vest front, which was the objective of the present work. A comparison between the results obtained in previous works for the MASs with three layers [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] and the BFS depth of hard armor systems (without the Al alloy) tested in this work is shown in Figure 4 . All MASs presented in this figure have a composite plate with 30 vol % of natural fiber, which is the same as the volume fraction for the tested PALF composite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…The reason for the unexpected ballistic performance of natural fiber composites is that the role played by the MAS second layer in impact energy dissipation depends on the fiber’s ability to capture ceramic/bullet fragments, but not on the fiber strength [ 24 ]. In addition, the articles cited by Benzait and Trabzon [ 10 ] and other recent works [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ] also confirmed the superior ballistic performance of natural fiber composites as an MAS second layer. It is worth mentioning the significant number of publications focused on ballistic performance of hybrid composites reinforced with synthetic and natural fibers [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“… Comparative graph showing multilayered armor systems (MASs) with three layers (ceramic + natural fiber composite + Al alloy) [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] and the armor plates of the present work (PW). …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the use of natural fiber composites in ballistic armors has been reported in many papers [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], most of the published work thus far involves a possible third layer in the MAS. This layer is an aluminum alloy, which compromises the armor vest weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composites with Natural Fibers and Conventional Materials Applied in a Hard Armor: A Comparison

et al. 2020

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Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites have recently drawn attention as new materials for ballistic armor due to sustainability benefits and lower cost as compared to conventional synthetic fibers, such as aramid and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). In the present work, a comparison was carried out between the ballistic performance of UHMWPE composite, commercially known as Dyneema, and epoxy composite reinforced with 30 vol % natural fibers extracted from pineapple leaves (PALF) in a hard armor system. This hard armor system aims to provide additional protection to conventional level IIIA ballistic armor vests, made with Kevlar, by introducing the PALF composite plate, effectively changing the ballistic armor into level III. This level of protection allows the ballistic armor to be safely subjected to higher impact projectiles, such as 7.62 mm caliber rifle ammunition. The results indicate that a hard armor with a ceramic front followed by the PALF/epoxy composite meets the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) international standard for level III protection and performs comparably to that of the Dyneema plate, commonly used in armor vests.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composites with Natural Fibers and Conventional Materials Applied in a Hard Armor: A Comparison

et al. 2020

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“…In the production of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with natural fibers [10,11,12,13,14], after mixing the polymer and the fibers in the desired ratio, the conventional curing time used is 24 hours [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. However, this time may be significantly different from that required for the complete curing reaction of the polymer matrix and therefore of the composite to be manufactured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curing Kinetic Parameters of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Mallow Fibers

et al. 2019

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Knowledge about the curing behavior of a thermosetting resin and its composites includes the determination of kinetic parameters and constitutes an important scientific and technological tool for industrial process optimization. In the present work, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was used to determine several curing parameters for pure epoxy and its composite reinforced with 20 vol % mallow fibers. Analyses were performed with heating rates of 5, 7.5, and 10 °C/min, as per the ASTM E698 standard. The kinetic related parameters, that is, activation energy (E), Avrami’s pre-exponential factor (Z), and mean time to reach 50% cure (t½), were obtained for the materials, at temperatures ranging from 25 to 100 °C. Response surfaces based on the mathematical relationship between reaction time, transformed fraction, and temperature were provided for optimization purposes. The results showed that the average curing time used for the production of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/triethylenetetramine (DGEBA/TETA) epoxy systems or their composites reinforced with natural mallow fibers can be considerably reduced as the temperature is increased up to a certain limit.

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Experimental and finite element analysis of ballistic properties of composite armor made of alumina, carbon and UHMWPE

Mutu,

Özer

2024

Polymer Composites

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The performance of multi‐layer ceramic/composite ballistic armor consisting of Alumina, Carbon fiber, and Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) under the impact of 7.62 × 51 M61 caliber armor‐piercing (AP) bullets was examined by experimental and finite element methods. The alumina ceramic thickness used in the experiments is 12 mm. The composite structure thickness used in all samples is 10 mm. Explicit dynamic analyses were also conducted using the Ls‐Dyna to verify the experimental studies. The analysis results were compared with experimental studies and evaluated by considering the damage status of the bullet and armor. According to ballistic test results, partial penetration was observed in all armor produced. The front ceramic layer caused corrosion of the bullet, and a mushrooming effect occurred on it. The carbon fiber layer has dramatically helped as an alternative or support to UHMWPE. Since the results obtained with the carbon fiber ratios used remain within the standards, it will not pose a problem regarding usage. On the contrary, using carbon fiber, which is relatively easier to produce and supply than UHMWPE and more economically suitable, will provide more significant benefits. Experimental and numerical studies have revealed consistent results for all armors.Highlights The effect of a 7.62 × 51 armor‐piercing bullet on ceramic/composite armor was examined. Carbon fiber and UHMWPE hybrid structure was created in different thicknesses. The carbon fiber layer has dramatically helped as an alternative or support to UHMWPE. Using carbon fiber, which is relatively easier to produce and supply than UHMWPE and is more economically suitable. Experimental and numerical studies have revealed consistent results for all armors.

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Ballistic comparison between epoxy-ramie and epoxy-aramid composites in Multilayered Armor Systems

Cited by 62 publications

References 25 publications

Composites with Natural Fibers and Conventional Materials Applied in a Hard Armor: A Comparison

Composites with Natural Fibers and Conventional Materials Applied in a Hard Armor: A Comparison

Curing Kinetic Parameters of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Mallow Fibers

Experimental and finite element analysis of ballistic properties of composite armor made of alumina, carbon and UHMWPE

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