Baroclinic Instability in an Environment of Small Stability to Slantwise Moist Convection. Part I: Two-Dimensional Models

Emanuel, Kerry; Fantini, Maurizio; Thorpe, Alan

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1559:biiaeo>2.0.co;2

Cited by 222 publications

(209 citation statements)

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“…This is consistent with the broad conclusions of Bannon [2], Emanuel et al [8], Lambaerts et al [17], Lapeyre and Held [18], Mak [19] who observed that the addition of moisture increases the growth rate of the instability.…”

Section: Instability Growth Ratesupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Note that the relations in (11) imply that equations (9b)-(9c) correspond to (7) when dimensionalized if the material derivative is replaced with the horizontal material derivative. One interesting aspect of the equations obtained here lies in the fact that, to rst-order correction, the unsaturated buoyancy is merely the 'dry' buoyancy; see (10) and note that conditions (11) reduce the bouyancy equation (8) simply into equation (7) for the potential temperature in the small Rossby limit. Thus, in the small Rossby limit, the nonlinear dynamics given by (9a), (9b), (10) in the unsaturated regions are identical to those of the dry regions.…”

Section: Qg Equations In the Unsaturated Regimementioning

confidence: 93%

“…The interaction between condensational heating e ects and baroclinic instability make this, however, a di cult analytical problem due to non-linearities arising from phase changes and non-trivial equation coupling. Principal avenues of study of moist condensation and latent heat release in baroclinic waves/instability include models of shallow-water [17], quasi-geostrophic [2,5,18,19,21,31], semi-geostrophic [8], and primitive [9,11,12] equation dynamics. A number of these studies include moisture e ects implicitly, in the form of ascending/moist and descending/dry air [8,9] or the wave-CISK (conditional instability of the second kind) parametrization [2,5,19,31], while not directly incorporating moisture dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moisture Transport due to Baroclinic Waves: Linear Analysis of Precipitating Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics

Wetzel¹,

Smith²,

Stechmann³

2017

Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting

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Abstract:The e ects of rainfall speed, V T , and meridional/vertical moisture gradients on the meridional moisture transport are examined in the context of mid-latitude baroclinic waves. These e ects are investigated in an idealized model that can be solved analytically. The model is systematically derived in a precipitating quasi-geostrophic limit, starting from a moist atmospheric model with minimal representation of cloud microphysics. Single-phase dynamics are considered, with a comparison of three cases: unsaturated, saturated with V T = , and saturated with V T > . The Eady problem for linear baroclinic waves is analyzed, with modi cations to incorporate moisture. As a preliminary step, the moist waves are shown to have properties consistent with prior studies, including larger growth rates and smaller spatial scales in the saturated cases in comparison to the classic dry Eady problem. Then, in addition, it is shown that the meridional moisture ux, as a function of height, has a mid-tropospheric maximum in the case of V T = , and a maximum in the lower troposphere or at the surface for su ciently large values of V T . These results for di erent V T values are discussed in the context of meridional moisture transport in observational data.

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Section: Instability Growth Ratesupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Qg Equations In the Unsaturated Regimementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moisture Transport due to Baroclinic Waves: Linear Analysis of Precipitating Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics

Wetzel¹,

Smith²,

Stechmann³

2017

Mathematics of Climate and Weather Forecasting

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“…Evidently, nonlinearities and feedback abound, as well as a mathematical stiffness, and understanding moist effects is a challenge both for numerical modellers and for theoretical dynamicists. It is hardly original to say that folding moisture into a GFD framework is a challenging and important problem, for much work has already taken place-see [81][82][83][84][85][86] for miscellaneous examples and reviews-but it is a true statement nevertheless.…”

Section: (I) Moisture and Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geophysical fluid dynamics: whence, whither and why?

Vallis¹

2016

Proc. R. Soc. A.

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A contribution to the special feature 'Perspectives in astrophysical and geophysical fluids' . GKV, This article discusses the role of geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) in understanding the natural environment, and in particular the dynamics of atmospheres and oceans on Earth and elsewhere. GFD, as usually understood, is a branch of the geosciences that deals with fluid dynamics and that, by tradition, seeks to extract the bare essence of a phenomenon, omitting detail where possible. The geosciences in general deal with complex interacting systems and in some ways resemble condensed matter physics or aspects of biology, where we seek explanations of phenomena at a higher level than simply directly calculating the interactions of all the constituent parts. That is, we try to develop theories or make simple models of the behaviour of the system as a whole. However, these days in many geophysical systems of interest, we can also obtain information for how the system behaves by almost direct numerical simulation from the governing equations. The numerical model itself then explicitly predicts the emergent phenomenathe Gulf Stream, for example-something that is still usually impossible in biology or condensed matter physics. Such simulations, as manifested, for example, in complicated general circulation models, have in some ways been extremely successful and one may reasonably now ask whether understanding a complex geophysical system is necessary for predicting it. In what follows we discuss such issues and the roles that GFD has played in the past and will play in the future.

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“…There have been numerous studies of the effects of latent heating on baroclinic instability (Emanuel et al 1987;Whitaker and Davis 1994;Castelli et al 1993;Fantini 1995Fantini , 1999Fantini , 2004Tippett 1999;Bannon 1986;Gall 1976). Condensation in storms is an inherently nonlinear process.…”

Section: Dynamics Of the Ancient Martian Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 Condensation in Baroclinic Eddies on Early Mars

Sabato

2008

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

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The efficacy of a cloud-radiative feedback on early Mars is reexamined in the context of the theory of baroclinic waves in midlatitudes. The feedback has been proposed to explain fluvial features on the surface of Mars. The radiative-convective models used to calculate the magnitude of the feedback require knowledge of the cloud depth, thickness, and areal coverage. Using a quasigeostrophic model and primitive equation simulations, it seems that less than 50% areal cloud cover is likely for early Mars, at least in midlatitudes. In accordance with previous studies for Earth, when condensational heating is included, the updraft region is narrower than in dry eddies. This results in reduced cloud cover and the feedback being weaker than previously thought. The simulations also show that condensation in eddies may have been important on a thick but cold early Mars but that its effects are much weaker for warmer climates.

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Baroclinic Instability in an Environment of Small Stability to Slantwise Moist Convection. Part I: Two-Dimensional Models

Cited by 222 publications

References 0 publications

Moisture Transport due to Baroclinic Waves: Linear Analysis of Precipitating Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics

Moisture Transport due to Baroclinic Waves: Linear Analysis of Precipitating Quasi-Geostrophic Dynamics

Geophysical fluid dynamics: whence, whither and why?

CO2 Condensation in Baroclinic Eddies on Early Mars

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