Batteries and charge storage devices based on electronically conducting polymers

Abstract

Strong interest in energy generation and storage has yielded excellent progress on organic based solar cells, and there is also a strong desire for equivalent advancement in polymer-based charge storage devices such as batteries and super-capacitors. Despite extensive research on electronically conducting polymers including polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline, limitations to the maximum doping density and chemical stability had been considered a significant restriction on the development of polymer batteries. Recent work appears to show a meaningful increase in the upper bound of the maximum density from 0.5 to 1.0 electrons per monomer depending on the structure, processing, and ionic species used in charging and discharging of the polymers. Several recent examples have also implied that more stable, reversible charge-discharge cycling is being observed in n-doped polymers. These observations suggest that the performance metrics of this class of electronically conducting polymer may ultimately reach the levels required for practical battery applications. Further efforts are essential to perfect practical large-scale electrode fabrication to move toward greater compatibility in the methods used for solar cells and those used in producing batteries. A better understanding must also be developed to elucidate the effects of molecular structure and polymer architecture on these materials.

Electrodeposition of pyrrole and 3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)thiophene copolymer for supercapacitor applications

“…The analytical data of the compound was in agreement with that previous report [22]. The schematic structure of 3-(4-tertbutylphenyl) thiophene (TPT) is shown in Scheme 1. and it was prepared by being electrodeposited onto ITO glass for 1 h followed by 6 peeling off the substrate.…”

“…Inherently conducting polymers (ICPs) are interesting candidates for flexible energy storage devices due to their relatively high theoretical capacities and the fact that they are light weight and flexible [1,[3][4][5][6]. However, as an electrode material for supercapacitor application, ICPs still have several limitations including poor cycling stability and high self-discharge due to the low doping degrees attainable [1,6,7].…”

“…However, as an electrode material for supercapacitor application, ICPs still have several limitations including poor cycling stability and high self-discharge due to the low doping degrees attainable [1,6,7].…”

Polypyrrole coated nylon lycra fabric as stretchable electrode for supercapacitor applications

“…However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the application of ICPs coated fabric in stretchable supercapacitors has not been reported, though recently we have reported the stretchable buckle-structured polypyrrole integrated into a SIBS substrate for Mg batteries [9]. In particular, ICPs are interesting candidates for flexible energy storage devices due to their relatively high theoretical capacities, fast redox properties, lightweight and mechanical flexibility [10][11][12][13][14]. A flexible ultrafast all-polymer battery composed of PPy coated cellulose fibres electrodes could be charged with currents as high as 600 mA cm -2 with only 6% capacity loss over 100 subsequent charge and discharge cycles [15].…”

Poly(o-methoxyaniline) modified electrode for detection of lithium ions

“…8 Great advances have been made in recent years in the technological application of these materials for rechargeable batteries, electronic devices, thermal and chemical sensors, biosensors, smart windows etc. [9][10][11][12] An important point that should be considered when choosing a potentially conducting polymer is the ease with which the system can be oxidized or reduced without causing destabilization of the molecule, thereby giving preference to structures that have conjugated unsaturations (low oxidation potential), i.e. π electrons.…”