BCG immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer

Quercetin-induced Growth Inhibition in Human Bladder Cancer Cells Is Associated with an Increase in Ca2+-activated K+Channels

“…Since most cases are superficial tumors which are limited to the mucosa, intravesical administration of BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) after transurethral resection is by far the most effective treatment [38,39]. However, side effects with BCG therapy are common [39,40]. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a non-toxic adjuvant treatment for patients with a high risk of recurrence after tumor resection and intravesical chemotherapy.…”

Symptoms of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Cystitis in Bladder Cancer Patients according to Tuberculosis Sequelae by Chest Radiography

“…However, the main mechanism of action involves a stimulation of innate immunity and an induction of an adaptive immune response to clear the residual cancer cells [14]. The immune response to BCG is comprised of two steps after intravesical instillation.…”

“…This immunologic reaction results in the induction of an adaptive immune response via T lymphocytes and killer cells activated by the presentation of mycobacterial antigens. This process leads finally to cancer cell destruction [14][15][16].…”

Immunotherapy in the Initial Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Cancer Patients: Utilization Trend and Cost Projections for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Metastatic Breast Cancer, and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

“…We excluded patients with urinary bladder cancer because Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the immunotherapy commonly used to treat bladder cancer since the 1980s, has been in use for many years and is inexpensive compared to the cost of other immunotherapy drugs (24). We selected three cancers for further analysis, NHL, MCRC, and MBC, based on the availability of agents indicated for first-line therapy in the treatment of those cancers.…”