Beamforming Gain Measured on a 5G Test-Bed

Simonsson, Arne; Thurfjell, Magnus; Halvarsson, Bjorn; Furuskog, Johan; Wallin, Sten; Itoh, Shoji; Murai, Hideshi; Kurita, Daisuke; Tateishi, Kenichiro; Harada, Akihito; Kishiyama, Yoshihisa

doi:10.1109/vtcspring.2017.8108648

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…From (41) we evince that ι > 1 if M/M A > 6. This implies that an RHS outperforms a traditional MIMO array of the same size in terms of beamforming gain when M is sufficiently large.…”

Section: A Beampattern Gain Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In this subsection, we analyze the maximum beampattern gain of the RHS, which represents the ability of an antenna to concentrate the transmit power in a given direction [41]. As far as the holographic beamforming is concerned, we cannot derive a closed-form expression for the optimal digital and analog beamformer vectors with maximum beampattern gain towards the direction of the target under the sum-power constraint since the holographic beamforming optimization problem is an integer program.…”

Section: A Beampattern Gain Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Holographic Integrated Sensing and Communication

Zhang

et al. 2022

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

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To overcome spectrum congestion, a promising approach is to integrate sensing and communication (ISAC) functions in one hardware platform. Recently, metamaterial antennas, whose tunable radiation elements are arranged more densely than those of traditional multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) arrays, have been developed to enhance the sensing and communication performance by offering a finer controllability of the antenna beampattern. In this paper, we propose a holographic beamforming scheme, which is enabled by metamaterial antennas with tunable radiated amplitudes, that jointly performs sensing and communication. However, it is challenging to design the beamformer for ISAC functions by taking into account the unique amplitude-controlled structure of holographic beamforming. To address this challenge, we formulate an integrated sensing and communication problem to optimize the beamformer, and design a holographic beamforming optimization algorithm to efficiently solve the formulated problem. A lower bound for the maximum beampattern gain is provided through theoretical analysis, which reveals the potential performance enhancement gain that is obtained by densely deploying several elements in a metamaterial antenna. Simulation results substantiate the theoretical analysis and show that the maximum beamforming gain of a metamaterial antenna that utilizes the proposed holographic beamforming scheme can be increased by at least 50% compared with that of a traditional MIMO array of the same size. In addition, the cost of the proposed scheme is lower than that of a traditional MIMO scheme while providing the same ISAC performance.

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“…From (41) we evince that ι > 1 if M/M A > 6. This implies that an RHS outperforms a traditional MIMO array of the same size in terms of beamforming gain when M is sufficiently large.…”

Section: A Beampattern Gain Analysismentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: A Beampattern Gain Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Holographic Integrated Sensing and Communication

Zhang

et al. 2022

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

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show abstract

“…The improvement investigated in these experiments reveals a hint that for a very high frequency such as 28 GHz or beyond, suppressing the leakage of the wireless energy in the transmission-line can make difference in the quality of mobile communication, which should be treated with handling loss from materials and high-order coupling [20]. In other's ways to observe the functions of 5G communication, it is hard to explicitly see the roles of components in a full system [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Their antenna beams are steered by active phase-shifter chips, but this paper uses the feed-networks.…”

Section: -By-4 Array Antennamentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Beam Alignment of a Microstrip-Line Butler Matrix and an SIW Butler Matrix for 5G Beamforming Antennas through RF-to-RF Wireless Sensing and 64-QAM Tests

Jeon

Seo

Cho

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this paper, an intuitive approach to assessing advantages of beamforming in 5G wireless communication is proposed as a novel try and practical demonstration of importance of alignment between the transmitter’s and receiver’s beams working in millimeter-wave frequency bands. Since the diffraction loss of millimeter-wave signals matters seriously in propagation, the effects of the misalignment and alignment between beams need to be checked for, which was conducted with a horn antenna and the 4 × 4 Butler matrix which mimic the relationship of the base station and handset antennas. Designing and using the microstrip-line and the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Butler matrices, RF-to-RF wireless connectivity between the horn and the microstrip line beamformer as case 1 and the horn and the SIW beamformer as case 2, concerning the changing angle of the beam from either of the two Butler matrices, was tested, showing over 12 dB enhancement in received power. This direct electromagnetic link test was accompanied by examining 64-QAM constellations for beam-angle changing from −30° to +30° for the two cases, where the error vector magnitude in the QAM-diagram becomes less than 10% by beam-alignment for the changing angle.

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“…In 802.11ad, it uses a maximum of 2.16 GHz bandwidth, but in order to maximize bandwidth, 802.11ay bonds four of those channels together to get the bandwidth of 8.64 GHz. Multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) is also added with a maximum of four streams to provide up to 176 Gbit/s [3]. Higher order modulation is also added in 802.11ay, probably up to 256-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design

et al. 2020

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This paper describes a direct-conversion E-band transmitter (TX) in 65-nm CMOS. To demonstrate the feasibility of E-band 1024-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a 67 to 86 GHz direct-conversion CMOS transmitter with broadband image rejection is presented. The transmitter contains an I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature-phase) modulator and a five-stage power amplifier. To achieve a 40 dBc image-rejection ratio (IRR) of the I/Q modulator for E-band, a broadband half-quadrature generator (HQG), which contains a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) based divider, quadrature couplers, and baluns is proposed. For the purpose of minimizing the phase imbalance, phase balance lines are utilized in HQG to achieve a 1-degree phase accuracy under different tuning lines. Subsequently, the reflection can be mitigated by optimizing the impedance matching between the HQG and the mixer core. Meanwhile, because millimeter-wave (MMW) circuits are susceptible to process variations, a process-variation-tolerant design is introduced to mitigate IRR variation, especially under 40 dBc. The transmitter demonstrates a measured flat conversion gain (CG) of 23 ± 2 dB from 56 to 86 GHz. The proposed TX achieves an IRR better than 40 dBc from 67 to 86 GHz (bandwidth of 19 GHz) with a peak IRR of 56.2 dBc at 70 GHz. Furthermore, the proposed TX has exhibited a 6 bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency with 1024-QAM under the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation format. The 1.129 mm 2 E-band TX achieves a measured output power of 6.5 dBm with a total dc power consumption of 164 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage. INDEX TERMS CMOS, E-band, half-quadrature generator (HQG), image-rejection ratio (IRR), millimeter-wave (MMW) integrated circuit, process-variation-tolerant design, transmitter (TX), 1024-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

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Beamforming Gain Measured on a 5G Test-Bed

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Holographic Integrated Sensing and Communication

Holographic Integrated Sensing and Communication

Investigation on Beam Alignment of a Microstrip-Line Butler Matrix and an SIW Butler Matrix for 5G Beamforming Antennas through RF-to-RF Wireless Sensing and 64-QAM Tests

A 67-86 GHz Spectrum-Efficient CMOS Transmitter Supporting 1024-QAM With a Process-Variation-Tolerant Design

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