Behavioral and developmental disorders among conduct disorder

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the percentage of children with conduct disorder (CD) who also have behavioral and developmental disorders. A survey of comorbidity observed in children with CD, was carried out on 33 subjects from a disciplinary facility for children. Female teachers as the mother were interviewed as regards the subjects' condition using the semistructured interview, and male teachers as the father were interviewed for their psychosocial problems. The subjects underwent the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-III and their conditions were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn; DSM-IV). Of the 33 children, 27 were diagnosed as having CD. Of the 27 CD children, 18 (67%) were diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 19 (70%) had oppositional defiant feature (ODF). Eight children (30%) were diagnosed as having mental retardation and in seven children (26%), the verbal IQ was significantly lower than the performance IQ. Two (7%) were diagnosed as having pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Of 27 children diagnosed with CD, 23 (85%) had some behavioral and developmental disorders. The classification of these behavioral and developmental disorders into the following three types appeared to be clinically useful: type 1, ADHD and ODF; type 2, low intelligence, especially low verbal intelligence; and type 3, PDD. To understand and treat children with CD, the accurate diagnosis of these underlying behavioral and developmental disorders is indispensable.

Impulsive and premeditated subtypes of aggression in conduct disorder: differences in time estimation

“…This interpretation may be somewhat limited by differences between the Control and the two CD groups' characteristics. The Control group had fewer boys, higher IQ scores, and lower ADHD Index (CPRS) ratings than either of the two CD groups, although these types of differences are typical of the general CD population [DSM-IV-TR, 2000;Harada et al, 2002;Loeber and Keenan, 1994;Simonoff et al, 2004]. That the two CD groups did not differ on these variables (i.e., ADHD and IQ) indicates that time estimation deficiencies within CD are more likely a function of the aggressive subtype and not general differences in group characteristics.…”

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Complex phenotype, simple genotype?

“…Hyperactivity itself declines more quickly than impulsivity or inattentiveness. 38,39 On the other hand, a number of psychiatric conditions co-occur with 40,41 Furthermore, bipolar disorder is being increasingly recognized in ADHD. [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] Only about 7% of those with ADHD have tics or Tourette syndrome, but 50% to 90% of individuals with Tourette syndrome have ADHD, 50 -54 raising questions about common etiologic mechanisms.…”

Transtornos de déficit de atenção e do comportamento disruptivo: associação com abuso físico na infância

“…Pelo fato de ser comum às crianças apresentarem comorbidades [6][7][8] e, por isso, estarem mais vulneráveis a sintomas disruptivos, por meio de regressão logística, tentou-se controlar o efeito das comorbidades como fatores de confundimento na relação entre TDACD e abuso físico, como evidenciado na tabela 5.…”

“…Esse grupo compreende três categorias: transtornos de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH), transtorno de conduta (TC) e transtorno desafiador e de oposição (TOD). É bastante comum a comorbidade entre esses 6,7 ou com outros transtornos mentais 8 . Os meninos ou meninas acometidos apresentam freqüentes alterações do comportamento, além de dificuldades escolares e desobediência às regras, ocasionando, muitas vezes, o esgotamento das relações interpessoais.…”