Behavioral control of breathing in the cat

Orem, John; Netick, Allan

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91301-6

Cited by 69 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A number of studies on anaesthetized animals have suggested that there may be cortical control of the bulbospinal respiratory pattern generator (Bassal & Bianchi, 1982). One study in the conscious cat (Orem & Netick, 1986) has produced a similar finding. It is of course entirely possible that the cortical drive to breathing has both a direct effect on the spinal respiratory motoneurones and also an indirect effect via the bulbospinal pattern generator.…”

Section: Voluntary and Automatic Breathingsupporting

confidence: 59%

Synchronization of motor unit firing during different respiratory and postural tasks in human sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Adams

Datta

Guz

1989

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Motor unit firing has been studied in human sternocleidomastoid muscle. 2. Two needle electrodes were inserted into the muscle and the activity of pairs of motor units recorded during (a) reflex hypercapnic obstructed breathing, (b) eucapnic voluntary copying of (a) against the same inspiratory resistance and (c) eucapnic voluntary copying of (a) without any resistance, accompanied by isometric neck rotation.3. Cross-correlation histograms of the firing of unit pairs showed a clear central peak, indicative of synchronization. The mean duration of the peak during voluntary breathing was 25 ms (range 9-40 ms). There was no difference in duration of synchronization during the different tasks.4. For the duration of the synchronization peak, the mean strength of synchronization expressed as the number of concomitant discharges of the two units as a proportion of the total number of discharges was 0-026 (range 001 1-0X058) for reflex hypercapnic obstructed breathing. For the same unit pairs the strength of synchronization for isometric neck rotation was the same as that during reflex hypercapnic breathing but for voluntary obstructed breathing it was, on average, threefold greater.5. In three out of twenty-two motor units studied, 'discharge' occurred with an interval of less than 10 ms ('doublet' firing) at the onset of each inspiration during both types of obstructed breathing; this was rarely observed during neck rotation.6. The results are interpreted in terms of different synaptic drives to the motor units during the three different tasks.

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Section: Voluntary and Automatic Breathingsupporting

confidence: 59%

Synchronization of motor unit firing during different respiratory and postural tasks in human sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Adams

Datta

Guz

1989

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Evidence for whether respiratory rhythmic output persists during breath holding is unclear. In cats, medullary neuronal activity is quiescent during behaviourally conditioned breath holding (Orem and Netick, 1986), whereas recent evidence in humans has shown that sinus arrhythmia, indicative of central respiratory rhythmic output, may persist during volitional breath holding (Parkes, 2006), and in a clinical study of a patient with supranuclear palsy, automatic breathing persisted, albeit reduced, during a volitionally induced breath hold (Haouzi et al, 2006). These latter results suggest that central respiratory rhythmic output cannot be stopped voluntarily but that there is a behavioural influence on central respiratory control and that neuronal output is suppressed either prior to the motoneurones or at the level of the motoneurones in the spinal cord that innervate the respiratory musculature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…possibly by a 'direct' corticospinal pathway, demonstrated both by electrophysiological studies in animals (Aminoff and Sears, 1971) and clinical observations in humans (Corfield et al, 1998;Nathan, 1963;Severinghaus and Mitchell, 1962); or by an 'indirect' pathway via the brain stem respiratory centres and their associated bulbospinal neurones (Orem and Netick, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bilateral cortico-bulbar network associated with breath holding in humans, determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging

et al. 2008

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ABSRACTFew tasks are simpler to perform than a breath hold; however, the neural basis underlying this voluntary inhibitory behaviour, which must suppress spontaneous respiratory motor output, is unknown. Here, using blood oxygen level dependant functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI), we investigated the neural network responsible for volitional breath holding in 8 healthy humans. BOLD images of the whole brain (156 brain volumes, voxel resolution 3x3x3mm) were acquired every 5.2s. All breath holds were performed for 15 seconds at resting expiratory lung volume when respiratory musculature was presumed to be relaxed, which ensured that the protocol highlighted the inhibitory components underlying the breath hold. An experimental paradigm was designed to dissociate the time course of the whole-brain BOLD signal from the time course of the local, neural-related BOLD signal associated with the inhibitory task. We identified a bilateral network of cortical and subcortical structures including the insula, basal ganglia, frontal cortex, parietal cortex and thalamus, that are in common with response inhibition tasks, and in addition, activity within the pons. From these results we speculate that the pons has a role in integrating information from supra-brainstem structures, and in turn it exerts an inhibitory effect on medullary respiratory neurones to inhibit breathing during breath holding.2

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“…Voluntary breath hold is achieved by descending inhibition of respiratory pump motor activity at the level of the brainstem motorneurons (Orem and Netick 1986) and/or the final spinal motorneurons; in addition, closure of the larynx aids breath hold in many people when descending inhibition is insufficient to completely suppress pump muscle activity. During breathhold Pa CO 2 increases and Pa O 2 decreases; these stimuli increase brainstem respiratory center drive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The air hunger response of four elite breath-hold divers

Binks

Vovk²,

Ferrigno

et al. 2007

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Normal subjects terminate breath-holds due to intolerable 'air hunger'. We hypothesize that competitive breath-hold divers might have increased tolerance of air hunger. We tested the air hunger (AH) response of 4 divers who could hold their breath for 6 -9 min. Tidal volume and respiratory rate were controlled by mechanical ventilation (ventilation ≈ 0.16 L·min −1 ·kg −1 ). AH was induced by raising P CO 2 and rated using a visual analog scale whose maximum was defined as intolerable. SpO 2 was maintained at >97%. Three divers reported the same uncomfortable urge to breathe as normal subjects; the slopes of their responses were within normal range. Both resting CO 2 and AH threshold were shifted to higher CO 2 in some divers. Diver 3 was unique amongst neurologically intact subjects we have studied: he denied feeling an urge to breathe, and denied discomfort. We conclude that elite divers' strategies to tolerate intense air hunger are a minor factor in their ability to tolerate long breath holds.

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Behavioral control of breathing in the cat

Cited by 69 publications

References 18 publications

Synchronization of motor unit firing during different respiratory and postural tasks in human sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Synchronization of motor unit firing during different respiratory and postural tasks in human sternocleidomastoid muscle.

A bilateral cortico-bulbar network associated with breath holding in humans, determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging

The air hunger response of four elite breath-hold divers

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