Behavioral expression of learned fear in rats is appropriate to their age at training, not their age at testing

Richardson, Rick; Fan, Michelle

doi:10.3758/bf03195964

Cited by 25 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…2 Richardson & Fan, 2002;Richardson, Fan, & Parnas, 2003;Richardson, Paxinos, & Lee, 2000;Yap, Stapinski, & Richardson, 2005). This pattern of results has been obtained with both between-group and withinsubject designs.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

“…In other words, the memory of the original training experience could have been reconsolidated in a manner appropriate to the infant's age at the time of reactivation (see Reference Yap et al, 2005 for more detailed discussion of this issue). Whatever the final interpretation of those findings, there is a growing body of evidence showing that the type of response emitted at test is often appropriate to the animal's age at the time of training rather than their age at test (i.e., Barnet & Hunt, 2006;Richardson and Fan, 2002;Richardson et al, 2000Richardson et al, , 2003Simcock & Hayne, 2002). This latter work provides a clear foundation for questioning our current views of what is encoded at the time of learning and for our understanding of memory development.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Synapses, circuits, and the ontogeny of learning

Hunt¹,

Fanselow²,

Richardson³

et al. 2007

Developmental Psychobiology

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This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium organized by Mark Stanton and Pamela Hunt and presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology. The purpose of the symposium was to review recent advances in neurobiological and developmental studies of fear and eyeblink conditioning with the hope of discovering how neural circuitry might inform the ontogenetic analyses of learning and memory, and vice versa. The presentations were: (1) Multiple Brain Regions Contribute to the Acquisition of Pavlovian Fear by Michael S. Fanselow; (2) Expression of Learned Fear: Appropriate to Age of Training or Age of Testing by Rick Richardson; (3) Trying to Understand the Cerebellum Well Enough to Build One by Michael D. Mauk; and (4) The Ontogeny of Eyeblink Conditioning: Neural Mechanisms by John H. Freeman. Taken together, these presentations converge on the conclusions that (1) seemingly simple forms of associative learning are governed by multiple "engrams" and by temporally dynamic interactions among these engrams and other circuit elements and (2) developmental changes in these interactions determine when and how learning emerges during ontogeny.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Synapses, circuits, and the ontogeny of learning

Hunt¹,

Fanselow²,

Richardson³

et al. 2007

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…The lack of OPS in rats trained prior to 23 days of age is not due to a failure to acquire the odor-shock association: younger rats exhibit pronounced odor-elicited freezing and odor-elicited avoidance (Richardson & Fan, 2002;Richardson et al, 2000). This developmental dissociation of how learned fear is expressed provides unique opportunities for exploring fundamental issues that concern both memory processes and the neural bases of learned fear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rats in the paired condition exhibit a pronounced increase in startle response amplitude in the presence of the odor but those in the unpaired condition do not (also see Richardson, Vishney, & Lee, 1999). Importantly, the failure to observe OPS in rats younger than 23 days of age is not due to a failure to acquire the odor-shock association because they exhibit a marked odor avoidance (Richardson & Fan, 2002;Richardson et al, 2000). The failure to observe OPS in rats younger than 23 days of age is also not due to some methodological problem with the startle procedure; rats as young as 16 days of age exhibit a potentiated startle response following direct pharmacological stimulation of the primary startle pathway (Weber & Richardson, 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Latent inhibition of conditioned odor potentiation of startle: A developmental analysis

Richardson

Fan

Parnas

2003

Developmental Psychobiology

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We conducted a two-part study of age and latent inhibition in the rat. In the first part of the study, rats given odor-shock pairings at 23 or 75 days of age exhibited a potentiated startle response in the presence of the odor the following day. This effect did not occur in rats trained at 16 or 20 days of age. Odor pre-exposure on the day prior to conditioning markedly reduced the odor potentiation of startle effect in 23- and 75-day-old rats but had no effect in 16 and 20-day-olds. In the second part of the study, rats were pre-exposed to the odor at 16 or 20 days of age and then conditioned at 23 days of age. When tested the day after conditioning, these pre-exposed rats exhibited a disruption in the odor potentiation of startle effect. We compare our results with other studies of latent inhibition, and with recent studies on whether conditioned responses are appropriate to the animal's age at training or their age at test.

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“…Early juvenile rodents have been extensively studied in the ontogeny of fear conditioning (Rudy and Cheatle 1977;Hunt et al 1994;Hunt 1999;Richardson and Fan 2002), but no work has been performed on late juveniles, except for a study reporting enhanced fear conditioning in 4À5-wk-old C57BL/6 mice, which are considered to be a match for adolescent humans (Hefner and Holmes 2007). For fear generalization, however, no comparative study has been done between late juvenile and adult mice.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced generalization of auditory conditioned fear in juvenile mice

Ito¹,

Pan²,

Yang³

et al. 2009

Learn. Mem.

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Increased emotionality is a characteristic of human adolescence, but its animal models are limited. Here we report that generalization of auditory conditioned fear between a conditional stimulus (CS+) and a novel auditory stimulus is stronger in 4-5-wk-old mice (juveniles) than in their 9-10-wk-old counterparts (adults), whereas nonassociative sensitization induced by foot shock (US) and the ability to discriminate CS+ from an explicitly unpaired stimulus (CSÀ) are not dependent on age. These results suggest that aversive associations are less precise in juvenile mice and can more easily produce conditional responses to stimuli different from CS+. Yet, through the explicit unpairing of CSÀ from US during training, juveniles are able to overcome this greater fear generalization and learn that CSÀ is not associated with foot shock.

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Behavioral expression of learned fear in rats is appropriate to their age at training, not their age at testing

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Synapses, circuits, and the ontogeny of learning

Synapses, circuits, and the ontogeny of learning

Latent inhibition of conditioned odor potentiation of startle: A developmental analysis

Enhanced generalization of auditory conditioned fear in juvenile mice

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