Beneficial Effects of Adiponectin on Periodontal Ligament Cells under Normal and Regenerative Conditions

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes and obesity are increasing worldwide and linked to periodontitis, a chronic disease which is characterized by the irreversible destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues, that is, periodontium. The mechanisms underlying the association of diabetes mellitus and obesity with periodontal destruction and compromised periodontal healing are not well understood, but decreased plasma levels of adiponectin, as found in diabetic and obese individuals, might be a critical mechanistic link. The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the effects of adiponectin on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells under normal and regenerative conditions, and to study the regulation of adiponectin and its receptors in these cells. Adiponectin stimulated significantly the expression of growth factors and extracellular matrix, proliferation, and in vitro wound healing, reduced significantly the constitutive tumor necrosis factor-α expression, and caused a significant upregulation of its own expression. The beneficial actions of enamel matrix derivative on a number of PDL cell functions critical for periodontal regeneration were partially enhanced by adiponectin. The periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibited the adiponectin expression and stimulated the expression of its receptors. In conclusion, reduced levels of adiponectin, as found in type 2 diabetes and obesity, may compromise periodontal health and healing.

Effect of overweight/obesity on response to periodontal treatment: systematic review and a meta‐analysis

“…On the other hand, adipokines like adiponectin, leptin or visfatin have been also shown to be produced in periodontal cells, to be regulated by periodontopathogenic bacteria and to influence the regenerative mechanisms of periodontal cells (Nokhbehsaim et al. , ,b, Deschner et al. ).…”

Adiponectin: Serum-saliva associations and relations with oral and systemic markers of inflammation

“…For example, a positive effect of total adiponectin on skin keratinocyte proliferation has been reported in mice where adiponectin was directly associated with cutaneous wound healing (Shibata et al, 2012), and this effect was confirmed in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells (Nokhbehsaim et al, 2014). However, a study in human gingival keratinocytes (GK) found no effect of total adiponectin alone on cell proliferation and an inhibitive effect in combination with P. gingivalis LPS (Kraus et al, 2012).…”

Resistin Is Increased in Periodontal Cells and Tissues: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

“…Furthermore, the gingival tissues showed significantly reduced expression of adiponectin in periodontitis, although no change was observed for its receptors compared to the control group. Interestingly, a study from our group showed that P. gingivalis suppresses adiponectin expression in PDL cells while stimulating the expression of its receptors [37]. Also, downregulation of adiponectin and increased expression of its receptors have been observed in gingival tissues of periodontal patients as compared to periodontal healthy ones [31].…”