Benzene and its methyl-derivatives: Derivation of maximum exposure levels in automobiles

Schupp, Thomas; Bolt, Hermann M.; Jaeckh, Rudolf; Hengstler, Jan G.

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.06.012

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This could still be an issue in developing countries where cars are kept for a longer time and can be maintained by individuals with little formal training on repairs. Concentrations measured in cars, buses and bus depots vary more than order of magnitude from <1 to tens of ppbs across a number of Asian, European and North American cities [91–94]. Exposure during walking or bicycle riding adjacent to or in roadways is 2–3 times background levels [85,95].…”

Section: Methodologies For Measuring Benzene Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Weisel

2010

Chemico-Biological Interactions

186

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Benzene has been measured throughout the environment and is commonly emitted in several industrial and transportation settings leading to widespread environmental and occupational exposures. Inhalation is the most common exposure route but benzene rapidly penetrates the skin and can contaminant water and food resulting in dermal and ingestion exposures. While less toxic solvents have been substituted for benzene, it still is a component of petroleum products, including gasoline, and is a trace impurity in industrial products resulting in continued sub to low ppm occupational exposures, though higher exposures exist in small, uncontrolled workshops in developing countries. Emissions from gasoline/petrochemical industry are its main sources to the ambient air, but a person’s total inhalation exposure can be elevated from emissions from cigarettes, consumer products and gasoline powered engines/tools stored in garages attached to homes. Air samples are collected in canisters or on adsorbent with subsequent quantification by gas chromatography. Ambient air concentrations vary from sub-ppb range, low ppb, and tens of ppb in rural/suburban, urban, and source impacted areas, respectively. Short-term environmental exposures of ppm occur during vehicle fueling. Indoor air concentrations of tens of ppb occur in microenvironments containing indoor sources. Occupational and environmental exposures have declined where regulations limit benzene in gasoline (<1%) and cigarette smoking has been banned from public and work places. Similar controls should be implemented worldwide to reduce benzene exposure. Biomarkers of benzene used to estimate exposure and risk include: benzene in breath, blood and urine; its urinary metabolites: phenol, t,t-muconic acid (t,tMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (sPMA); and blood protein adducts. The biomarker studies suggest benzene environmental exposures are in the sub to low ppb range though non-benzene sources for urinary metabolites, differences in metabolic rates compared to occupational or animal doses, and the presence of polymorphisms need to be considered when evaluating risks from environmental exposures to individuals or potentially susceptible populations.

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Section: Methodologies For Measuring Benzene Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Weisel

2010

Chemico-Biological Interactions

186

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“…For example, short exposure of benzene on human body leads to drowsiness, headaches and dizziness, long exposure can be a reason of leukemia. [6]. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes negatively affect the central nervous system, disturb coordination, cause drowsiness, headache [7] and mental disorders [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene in internal combustion engine exhaust with time-weighted average solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Baimatova

Kozieł

Kenessov

2015

Analytica Chimica Acta

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A new and simple method for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX) quantification in vehicle exhaust was developed based on diffusion-controlled extraction onto a retracted solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating. The rationale was to develop a method based on existing and proven SPME technology that is feasible for field adaptation in developing countries. Passive sampling with SPME fiber retracted into the needle extracted nearly two orders of magnitude less mass (n) compared with exposed fiber (outside of needle) and sampling was in a time weighted-averaging (TWA) mode. Both the sampling time (t) and fiber retraction depth (Z) were adjusted to quantify a wider range of Cgas. Extraction and quantification is conducted in a non-equilibrium mode. Effects of Cgas, t, Z and T were tested. In addition, contribution of n extracted by metallic surfaces of needle assembly without SPME coating was studied. Effects of sample storage time on n loss was studied. Retracted TWA-SPME extractions followed the theoretical model. Extracted n of BTEX was proportional to Cgas, t, Dg, T and inversely proportional to Z. Method detection limits were 1.8, 2.7, 2.1 and 5.2 mg m(-3) (0.51, 0.83, 0.66 and 1.62 ppm) for BTEX, respectively. The contribution of extraction onto metallic surfaces was reproducible and influenced by Cgas and t and less so by T and by the Z. The new method was applied to measure BTEX in the exhaust gas of a Ford Crown Victoria 1995 and compared with a whole gas and direct injection method.

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“…However the sum of organic compounds, at concentrations of 1.5-2.1 mg/m 3 , can be responsible for some irritation or discomfort feelings (AQS, 2006), the results obtained met the proposed by Schupp guidelines: 1-3 mg/m 3 of total VOC in vehicle cabin (Schupp et al, 2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Comparison of Air Pollution by VOCs Inside the Cabins of New Vehicles

Faber¹,

Brodzik²,

Gołda-Kopek³

et al. 2014

ENRR

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Air composition inside the cabins of nine new vehicles of the same model, but with different interior equipments and materials used, was examined. Air samples were collected short after vehicles' production date. None of the vehicle was driven before sampling. Air pollution was assessed on the basis of the concentration of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total VOC. Since only new vehicles were under study, it can be stated that different VOCs, present in vehicle cabin, were emitted from interior materials. The main aim of the present work was to answer the question about the representativeness of collected air samples and intra-model variability of VOCs concentrations. Air samples were collected by an active method onto duplicate Carbograph 1TD and Tenax TA sorbents. VOCs were thermally desorbed and analyzed with the use of the TD-GC-FID/MS method. Quantitative and qualitative analyses as well as statistical calculations were performed. Total VOCs concentration ranged from 1.5 to 2.1 mg/m 3 in vehicles tested. About 200 different organic compounds were detected in each vehicle interior. Strong linear correlation was observed for concentrations of some kind of compounds.

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Benzene and its methyl-derivatives: Derivation of maximum exposure levels in automobiles

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Quantification of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene in internal combustion engine exhaust with time-weighted average solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Comparison of Air Pollution by VOCs Inside the Cabins of New Vehicles

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