BEOL NEM Relay Based Sequential Logic Circuits

Li, Ren; Alhadrami, Reem; Fariborzi, Hossein

doi:10.1109/iscas.2019.8702123

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…7(c IV. DISCUSSION With relay logic implemented [19], relay circuits only endure one tM between output and inputs. Though relays are inevitably slower than transistors, this difference becomes smaller when the circuit complexity increases, as CMOS circuits suffer from quadratically increased Elmore delay.…”

Section: Design and Demonstration Of Relay Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also partially compensates for the larger device footprint. Relay-based JK flip-flop [19] uses 20, while the CMOS counterpart uses 36 devices. Relay 4-bit DAC (digital-toanalog converter) and ADC (analog-to-digital converter) can be built with 84 and 116 devices [24], while the CMOS way would need 160 and 343, respectively.…”

Section: Design and Demonstration Of Relay Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MEM Relay For the Internet of Things Applications

Fariborzi

2022

2022 36th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology (SBMICRO)

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In the dawn of the Internet of Things (IoT) era, device-to-device interactions on real-time data without involving humans have become a vital part of everyday life. Hence, ultra-low-power sensors and processing units are of the utmost importance. In recent years, micro-electromechanical (MEM) relays have been treated as promising beyond-CMOS candidates due to their zero-leaking and steep turn ON/OFF properties. This paper presents a MEM relay and its characterization, followed by a demonstration of relay-based core logic circuits, including an XOR and an adder. The relays' mechanical operation makes them inevitably slower than transistors; however, this paper demonstrates that a scaled 32bit relay adder consumes 60 times less energy per operation than its CMOS counterpart in 40 nm technology. The proposed relay circuits, with their ultra-low power consumption property, are particularly suitable for applications with rigorous energy requirements while operating at a slow-to-moderate speed, such as wearable accessories, remote sensors, and implantable biomedical devices.

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Section: Design and Demonstration Of Relay Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design and Demonstration Of Relay Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MEM Relay For the Internet of Things Applications

Fariborzi

2022

2022 36th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology (SBMICRO)

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“…When CLK is low, the output holds its value, and when CLK becomes high, the circuit is in evaluation mode and the input D is presented at the output. By using the relay logic introduced in [24] and arranging the gate driving signals such that they arrive at gate terminals simultaneously, the output of the relay circuits proposed in this work will be valid after only one mechanical delay when inputs are valid.…”

Section: A Relay Circuits Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Demonstration of MEM Relay-Based Arithmetic and Sequential Circuit Blocks

Fariborzi

2021

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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The Internet of Things (IoT) has become more prevalent in recent years and is an integral part of everyday life. Thus, the need for ultralow-power sensors and processing units has dramatically increased. The continuous scaling of CMOS transistors has resulted in more severe subthreshold leakage and high power density issues. In recent years, microelectromechanical (MEM) relays have attracted research interests. They are viewed as promising beyond-CMOS candidates due to their nonleaking property and abrupt switch ON/OFF characteristics. This article presents the design and characterization of a few core relay-based digital blocks, including an adder and a D-latch. While the mechanical movement of relays makes them inherently slower than transistors, we show that the scaled 32-bit relay adder offers 60 times less energy per operation than its CMOS counterpart in 40-nm technology. This makes the proposed relay circuits particularly appealing to applications with stringent demand on energy efficiency and moderate performance requirements, such as remote sensors, wearable accessories, and implantable biomedical devices.

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“…For instance, MEM relays have been used as transmit/receive switches and antenna tuners in radios [ 2 ]. Recent work has also explored the application of MEM relays to digital circuit design, examining their potential as logic gates [ 3 ], power gates [ 4 ], and back-end-of-line integrated switches [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Normalized Model of a Microelectromechanical Relay Calibrated by Laser-Doppler Vibrometry

et al. 2022

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This work presents a behavioral model for a microelectromechanical (MEM) relay for use in circuit simulation. Models require calibration, and other published relay models require over a dozen parameters for calibration, many of which are difficult to extract or are only available after finite element analysis. This model improves on prior work by taking advantage of model normalization, which often results in models that require fewer parameters than un-normalized models. This model only needs three parameters extracted from experiment and one dimension known from device fabrication to represent its non-contact behavior, and two additional extracted parameters to represent its behavior when in contact. The extracted parameters–quality factor, resonant frequency, and the pull-in voltage–can be found using laser Doppler vibrometry. The device dimension is the actuation gap size, which comes from process data. To demonstrate this extraction process, a series of velocity step responses were excited in MEM relays, the measured velocity responses were used to calibrate the model, and then then simulations of the model (implemented in Verilog-A) were compared against the measured data. The error in the simulated oscillation frequency and peak velocity, two values selected as figures of merit, is less than 10% across many operating voltages.

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BEOL NEM Relay Based Sequential Logic Circuits

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

MEM Relay For the Internet of Things Applications

MEM Relay For the Internet of Things Applications

Design and Demonstration of MEM Relay-Based Arithmetic and Sequential Circuit Blocks

A Normalized Model of a Microelectromechanical Relay Calibrated by Laser-Doppler Vibrometry

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