“…Alternatively, methods based on direct and/or solid sampling for trace elements determination are attractive due to the low limit of detection (LOD, generally below mg g À1 ), small sample amount, low reagent consumption and no sample dilution required. 20 Among the techniques which use solid/direct sampling, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, [21][22][23] electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, 24,25 total reection X-ray uorescence 26 and solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GFAAS) [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] are very attractive. Among these techniques, SS-GFAAS has some advantages, such as simplicity, relative low instrumental cost and better LODs.…”