Beta Hemolytic Streptococcic Infection in Infancy and in Childhood

Lippard, Vernon W.; Wheeler, George W.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1936.04140010070006

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The characteristic feature is the very low titer of the serum obtained in several patients. This is frequently comparable to the low titers obtained by Lippard and Johnson (6) in infants under 18 months of age. All of these patients with very low titers were edematous.…”

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confidence: 87%

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Studies of the Variations in the Antistreptolysin Titer of the Blood Serum From Patients With Hemorrhagic Nephritis. Ii. Observations on Patients Suffering From Streptococcal Infections, Rheumatic Fever and Acute and Chronic Hemorrhagic Nephritis

Longcope¹

1936

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Titers between 7 and 10 units were obtained on one or several occasions with the blood serum from 4 of these patients (4,5,6,9).…”

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Studies of the Variations in the Antistreptolysin Titer of the Blood Serum From Patients With Hemorrhagic Nephritis. Ii. Observations on Patients Suffering From Streptococcal Infections, Rheumatic Fever and Acute and Chronic Hemorrhagic Nephritis

Longcope¹

1936

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…In the majority of cases (about 75 per cent) the titer in our series lay between 25 and 50 units. The determination of the lower limit of the antistreptolysin in the normal adult is also important, for Lippard and Johnson (9) found this to be unusually low in infants under 17 months of age. In 55 per cent of these patients the titer was only 2 units.…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies of the Variations in the Antistreptolysin Titer of the Blood Serum From Patients With Hemorrhagic Nephritis. I. Control Observations on Healthy Individuals and Patients Suffering From Diseases Other Than Streptococcal Infections

Longcope¹

1936

J. Clin. Invest.

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During some studies which have been in progress for several years upon the etiology and the clinical course of acute glomerular nephritis, it was considered desirable to examine the serum from these patients for antibodies to hemolytic streptococci. Comment has frequently been made to the effect that infections by this organism involving the upper respiratory tract usually precede the onset of acute hemorrhagic nephritis, and particular attention has been drawn to this matter in previous publications (1 tonsillitis, the antistreptolysin of the serum was elevated and sometimes reached 1,000 to 1,300 units. The serum from a limited number of patients suffering from infections that were not associated with hemolytic streptococcal infections gave titers of approximately normal values. During the acute phase of severe or fatal infections by hemolytic streptococcus the antihemolytic titers of the serum were not elevated. In some observations made upon the serum from nurses at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York, Todd found that during the period of normal health, or when persons were simply exposed to hemolytic streptococcal infections, that the antistreptolysin content of the serum was within normal limits. During the acute phase of streptococcic pharyngitis the titers still remained low, but during convalescence the titers rose and remained high for as long as one to three months after the infection. Todd extended his observations to rheumatic fever and found that the sera of patients in the quiescent stage gave titers that were within normal limits. During the active stage, however, the antistreptolysin content of the serum was much increased. This increase of antistreptolysin appeared to be dependent upon the preceding streptococcal infection of the respiratory tract, and did not vary with the severity of the attack of rheumatic fever. The antistreptolysin values of the serum often remained high for months during the attack of rheumatic fever and into the period of convalescence. Todd concluded that his observations afforded evidence that rheumatic fever was preceded by hemolytic streptococcal infections.These observations on rheumatic fever were immediately confirmed and extended by Coburn and Pauli (4). They found that in the normal individual the neutralizing dose of serum was usually 0.02 cc. but might be as small as 0.01 cc. or 100 units, but rarely less. Following an attack of scarlet fever or erysipelas the titer rose from a normal figure to 0.003 or even as high as 0.0008 cc. in a case of erysipelas. In the acute rheumatic process the neutralizing dose of serum often reached 0.005 cc. or less. In inactive rheumatic fever the titers of the sera were usually within normal limits. The antistreptolysin titer of the serum remained normal during the infectious 269

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“…However, clot resistance has also been observed in individuals where no evidence of streptococcal infection could be recognized. Positive antifibrinolysin tests, for example, have been reported in the following instances: 15 per cent of normal individuals (3,4); in a number of unrelated disease states, as lobar pneumonia, gonococcal arthritis, typhoid fever, and acute nephritis (5 to 7); in the newborn (8,6); and in various animal species (9,1). These findings, in turn, have placed some doubt on the specificity of the antifibrinolysin response.…”

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“…The fibrinolysin-antifibrinolysin reaction Although the antifibrinolysin test has been found occasionally to be non-specific, it is generally accepted that the clot resistance developed in in-3 "Hemostatic Globulin," Lederle Laboratories, Inc. dividuals convalescent from streptococcal disease is a specific immunological response to the infection (2). While it has not been possible to elicit antifibrinolysin by animal inoculation (20), the immunological nature of the antifibrinolytic response in man is supported by the observation that the development of fibrinolytic resistance is correlated with the formation of other streptococcal antibodies, such as antistreptolysin "O" (21,22,8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies of Streptococcal Fibrinolysis. Ii. The Inhibition of Streptococcal Fibrinolysis by Antifibrinolysin and Antiprotease 1

Kaplan¹

1946

J. Clin. Invest.

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Beta Hemolytic Streptococcic Infection in Infancy and in Childhood

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Studies of the Variations in the Antistreptolysin Titer of the Blood Serum From Patients With Hemorrhagic Nephritis. Ii. Observations on Patients Suffering From Streptococcal Infections, Rheumatic Fever and Acute and Chronic Hemorrhagic Nephritis

Studies of the Variations in the Antistreptolysin Titer of the Blood Serum From Patients With Hemorrhagic Nephritis. Ii. Observations on Patients Suffering From Streptococcal Infections, Rheumatic Fever and Acute and Chronic Hemorrhagic Nephritis

Studies of the Variations in the Antistreptolysin Titer of the Blood Serum From Patients With Hemorrhagic Nephritis. I. Control Observations on Healthy Individuals and Patients Suffering From Diseases Other Than Streptococcal Infections

Studies of Streptococcal Fibrinolysis. Ii. The Inhibition of Streptococcal Fibrinolysis by Antifibrinolysin and Antiprotease 1

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