“…[22][23][24][25] On the basis of their chemical compositions and phase constituents, Ti alloys can be generally classified into α-type Ti alloys, near α-type Ti alloys, (α þ β)-type Ti alloys, near β-type Ti alloys, β-type Ti alloys, and Ti-based shape-memory alloys. [12,20,[26][27][28][29][30] α-type and near α-type Ti alloys, which mainly contain α-stabilizers (e.g., Al, O, N, C), have admired weldability, castability, and structure stability but limited low-temperature strength and plasticity. [20,27,31] In comparison, (α þ β)-Ti alloys, containing a certain quantity of β-stabilizers (e.g., V, Mo, Ta, Nb), display a dual-phase microstructure (5-30 vol% β phase) at the room temperature.…”