Bio-Templated Growth of Bone Minerals from Modified Simulated Body Fluid on Nanofibrous Decellularized Natural Tissues

Abstract

Small intestine submucosal (SIS) membrane used in this study is a decellularized, naturally occurring nanofibrous scaffold derived from a submucosal layer of porcine small intestine. It is predominantly composed of type I collagen fibers. Here we studied the bio-templated growth of hydroxylapatite (HAP) bone minerals on the SIS membrane from a modified simulated body fluid (1.5 SBF) at the body temperature, namely, under a near-physiological condition, in order to evaluate its bone bioactivity, the capability of the membrane in bonding with bone tissue once implanted in vivo. Minute HAP crystals were successfully nucleated on the SIS membranes from 1.5 SBF at the body temperature. The crystals were preferentially nucleated along the collagen fibers constituting the SIS membranes. HAP was the major crystalline mineral phase formed during the whole period of time and a minor crystalline phase of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) appeared after the membranes were incubated for 96 h. We also found that the mineralization for 8 h most significantly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by evaluating the formation of osteogenic markers in MSCs including alkaline phosphatase (early stage marker) as well as osteocalcin and osteopontin (late stage markers). Hence, SIS membranes show excellent bone bioactivity and once mineralized, can significantly promote the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Potential of electrospun cationic BSA fibers to guide osteogenic MSC differentiation via surface charge and fibrous topography

“…In conjunction with a previous study showing that charged materials can act as nucleation points for mineralization 47 , we conclude that the charged amino groups introduced by cationization into the cBSA can serve as nucleation points to favor mineralization. Interestingly, despite several studies showing that in vitro mineralized scaffolds including fibrous scaffolds support the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, we obtained contradictory results 10,48,49 . Our experiments revealed that in vitro mineralization of the cBSA-fibers which covered the entire growth surface did not support the osteogenic differentiation to a higher extent than TCP characterized by an increase of the osteogenic marker OCAL or the ALP activity.…”

Biomimetic Composite Scaffold Based on Naturally Derived Biomaterials

“…Compared with other reported natural bio-templates for biomorphic synthesis of hydroxyapatite (bamboo, rattan [32]), ESM is widely available, considered waste, and is a source of natural collagen, chondroitin and hyaluronic acid [33]. Porcine small intestine submucosal (SIS) membrane was also recently reported as bio-template, due to its complex architecture of type I collagen fibers, but the obtained results do not demonstrate its ability to induce in vivo biomineralization [34].…”

Tunable Hydroxyapatite/Magnetite Nanohybrids with Preserved Magnetic Properties

“…The preferential growth of HAp crystallites was previously observed during the precipitation of HAp in the presence of templating organic molecules, such as poly(acrylic acid), [ 61 ] amino acids (glycine and glutamic acid), [ 62 ] and decellularized natural tissues. [ 63 ] Accordingly, highly crystalline HAp crystallites could be developed onto the surfaces of MNPs agglomerates. This was reflected on the preservation of the composition of the magnetic core with preserved magnetic properties, which could be attributed to the existence of co‐operative magnetization.…”