Biocatalytic synthesis of conducting polymers and prospects for its application

Abstract

Enzymatic methods of synthesis of conducting polymers, physicochemical properties of the resulting products, and mechanisms of the reactions are considered. The enzymes involved in oxidative polymerization of monomers are briefly characterized. Examples of practical application of enzymatically synthesized conducting polymers are given.

Insight into the template effect of vesicles on the laccase-catalyzed oligomerization of N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine from Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements

“…In particular, the soft surface of the vesicle membrane clearly exerts control over the oxidation and the polymerization steps of the reaction. Similar effects of soft interfaces as “reaction regulators” (templates) of enzyme-catalyzed oxidative polymerizations have been known for several years16171819. They have been found with anionic micelles, as another type of molecular assemblies1318202122, or with anionic polymers, such as sulfonated polystyrene (SPS)1823242526272829.…”

Enzymatic oligomerization and polymerization of arylamines: state of the art and perspectives

“…Taking into account the well-known fact that metals, especially transition metal cations, can efficiently catalyze the oxidative oligomerization and polymerization of arylamines such as aniline with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) or O 2 (Della Pina et al 2011), it is not surprising that a lot of effort has been made during the past several decades in the field of the oxidative coupling of arylamines with H 2 O 2 or O 2 catalyzed by oxidoreductase metalloenzymes (Bouldin et al 2010; Cruz-Silva et al 2011; Gross et al 2001; Hollmann and Arends 2012; Kadokawa and Kobayashi 2010; Kobayashi 1999; Kobayashi et al 1995, 2001; Kobayashi and Makino 2009; Ochoteco and Mecerreyes 2010; Otrokhov et al 2013; Shoda et al 2016; Walde and Guo 2011; Xu et al 2006). Such enzymes contain one or more transition metal cations in their active center.…”

“…Ochoteco and Mecerreyes (2010), Bouldin et al (2010), Cruz-Silva et al (2011), and Otrokhov et al (2013) have reviewed some aspects of oxidoreductase-catalyzed oligomerizations and polymerizations of arylamines in their reviews devoted to oxidoreductase-catalyzed synthesis of conducting polymers. The most detailed review about oxidoreductase-catalyzed oligomerizations and polymerizations of arylamines was written a decade ago by Xu et al (2006).…”

Oxidation of pyrrole by dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin: chemoenzymatic synthesis of pyrrolin-2-ones

“…Enzyme-catalyzed oxidations of pyrrole have been well-investigated in the literature 70–72 owing to their formation of polypyrrole, a conductive polymer that has applications in electronic devices and chemical sensors. Notable examples include i) the oxidation of pyrrole by horseradish peroxidase 23,73,74 in the presence of an oxidant generates water-soluble polypyrrole at low pH (< 4), and with only minor amounts of smaller molecular weight species observed; ii) production of polypyrrole with glucose oxidase 75 and H 2 O 2 (or glutaraldehyde) has also been reported, and is optimal at pH 6.5 with no evidence of lower molecular weight compounds being formed; iii) laccase 24,76 has also been shown to catalyze the polymerization of pyrrole into a conducting polymer using dioxygen as the terminal oxidant; iv) soybean peroxidase 77,78 /H 2 O 2 has also been shown to form polypyrrole, with increased yields in the presence of redox mediators.…”