Biochemical and Neurophysiological Development of the Brain in the Neonatal Period

Himwich, Williamina A.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60021-5

Cited by 139 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In particular, most cells do not exhibit any cytological features suggestive of active neuronal metabolism during the first 5 days after birth (Reier, Cullen, Froelich & Rothchild, 1977). A correlation between electrical activity and biochemical development appears to exist in the cerebral cortex of neonatal cat (Huttenlocher, 1967) and rat (Himwich, 1962). Another factor is the increase in the synaptic connexions of neurones in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, including connexions among these neurones and between these neurones and the periphery.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As stated above, the number of warm-units started to increase at 4-5 days. The second period (16 and 17 days) corresponds to the time immediately after the so-called 'critical period' (4-10 days) (Himwich, 1962;Reier et al 1977). This period is characterized by the appearance of cytological features suggesting elevated metabolism, rapid growth of dendrites and high rate of synaptogenesis in the medial preoptic area (Reier et al 1977).…”

Section: Presented Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may indicate the slower maturation of hypothalamic neurones in the young rabbit. Indeed, it has been pointed out that the morphological, biochemical and neurophysiological developments of whole brain of the rabbit take up a longer period of time than those of the rat (Himwich, 1962).…”

Section: Presented Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypothalamic thermo‐responsive neurones in the new‐born rat.

Hori¹,

Shinohara²

1979

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Single unit activities were recorded from the neurones in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus of developing new-born rats (aged 1-24 days old) during thermal stimulation of the brain. During the first 2 weeks of life, about 80 % of these neurones had low spontaneous firing rates between 0.1 and 5 impulses/sec at 38 0C hypothalamic temperature (Thyp).2. Out of 640 units studied, 118 units increased the firing rate upon elevation of ThyP (warm-units) and fourteen showed the opposite type of response to temperature changes (cold-units),. Warm-units were founcli the rats of all the age span studied and cold-units were recorded in the rats more than 8 days old.3. Thermal coefficients of warm-units and cold-units varied between +0i11 and +2-47 and between -0.10 and -0*49 impulses/sec. 0C, respectively. Number of warm-units with higher rates of firing and greater thermal coefficients, comparable to those of warm-units in the adult, gradually increased with growth. The thermal responsiveness of warm-units, when expressed by Q10, are already high even in the immediate neonatal period. Their Q10 values were in the range between 2 and 38X5 (mean 6.4).4. Units responding to extrahypothalamic temperatures were only found in the rats more than 14 days old.5. All the six warm-units tested increased the firing rates following subcutaneous injections of capsaicin, while the majority of thermo-unresponsive units were not affected by this drug.6. It is suggested that thermo-responsive neurones in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus in the new-born rat have attained some degree of electrophysiological maturity, despite their slowly firing characteristics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Presented Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypothalamic thermo‐responsive neurones in the new‐born rat.

Hori¹,

Shinohara²

1979

The Journal of Physiology

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“…The period between 5 and 15 days of age has been identified as that during which occurs the most rapid neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and biochemical changes in the development of the rat brain (Deza & Eidelberg, 1967;Himwich, 1962). It is not unreasonable to assume that the ability to associate certain classes of events requires the existence of the appropriate neural structures and processes.…”

Section: Second-order Flavor Aversion 317mentioning

confidence: 99%

Second-order conditioned taste aversion in rats: Shared modality is not sufficient to promote an association between S2 and SI

Robertson

Krane

Garrud

1984

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Second-order conditioning (SOC) in pigeons, but not rats, appears to involve an association between the second-order stimulus (S2) and the first-order stimulus (S1). Nairne and Rescorla (1981) suggested it was the use of stimuli from the same modality that promoted an association between S2 and SI in pigeon SOC studies. In support of their hypothesis, they demonstrated that pigeons, like rats, did not form an association between S2 and SI when these stimuli were from different modalities. In this study, we sought to determine whether rats, like pigeons, would associate S2 with SI when these stimuli shared the same modality. Female Lister rats injected with LiCI after consuming .12M saline solution (S1) showed an aversion to a 15% sucrose solution (82) that was subsequently paired with the saline. This was so regardless of whether S2 and 81 had been presented sequentially (Experiment 1) or simultaneously (Experiment 2). Only in Experiment 2, however, did extinction of the aversion to saline diminish the aversion to sucrose; that is, employing stimuli from the same modality was not a sufficient condition, of itself, to allow rats to associate 82 with S1.Second-order conditioning (SOC), in which one stimulus (S2) elicits a conditioned response (CR) as a result of being paired with another stimulus (S 1) whose ability to act as a reinforcer stems from prior association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), has been the subject of several research papers in recent years. Of particular relevance to the experiments reported here are those studies that attempted to establish whether SOC involves an association between S2 and S1 such that S2 elicits whatever response is appropriate to S1.The strategy employed by these studies was to manipulate S1 (once SOC had been established to 52) in such a way as to alter the CR elicited by S1 and then test the response to S2. A change in the CR to S2 corresponding to that produced in the CR to S 1 would have provided evidence of an association between S2 and S1. This procedure produced conflicting results, however, depending upon whether the subjects were rats or pigeons. Experiments using an autoshaping procedure with pigeons

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“…The proliferation of neuronal processes is accortex, behavioral, bioelectric, and chemical companied by progressive increase of the number changes occur along with progressing structural of synaptic junctions which reach adult values organization (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) . In the rat, early postnatal around the 20-25th day of postnatal developmaturation of the cerebral cortex (1-10 days) ment ; a sharp increase of the number of synaptic consists, almost exclusively, of growth and pro-junctions occurs between days 12-20 of postnatal liferation of neuronal and, to a lesser extent, glial development (2) .…”

Section: During Fetal and Neonatal Development Of Cerebralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and Biochemical Changes in Rat Synaptosome Fractions During Neonatal Development

Gonatas

Autilio-Gambetti

Shafer

1971

The Journal of Cell Biology

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A biochemical and quantitative morphologic study of presynaptic endings during postnatal development was carried out in subcellular fractions from cerebral cortex of 1, 4, 8, 12, and 18 day old and adult rats . Crude mitochondrial fractions were subfractionated in Ficoll gradients and all resulting fractions were examined in the electron microscope . Presynaptic terminals and other intact processes were counted . Protein content and enzyme activities were assayed in the fractions and in total brain homogenate . In the first and fourth day of life, most of the presynaptic terminals were found in two "light" fractions, between supernatant and 7 .5% o Ficoll, where they accounted, respectively, for 6 and 22% of all the processes . Progressively with age, more presynaptic terminals were found in the traditional "synaptosomal" fractions between 7 .5 and 13% Ficoll . In that region of the gradient, 40, 54, 75, and 89 % of the processes were presynaptic endings at 8, 12, and 18 postnatal days and in the adult animal, respectively . A similar shift from the lighter to the heavier fractions was observed in the distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase between days 8 and 12 . The rate of increase of the specific activity of these two enzymes paralleled that of the percentage of the presynaptic endings after day 8 . This study indicates that subcellular fractions can be used to study formation and maturation of synapses during postnatal development .

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Biochemical and Neurophysiological Development of the Brain in the Neonatal Period

Cited by 139 publications

References 59 publications

Hypothalamic thermo‐responsive neurones in the new‐born rat.

Hypothalamic thermo‐responsive neurones in the new‐born rat.

Second-order conditioned taste aversion in rats: Shared modality is not sufficient to promote an association between S2 and SI

Morphological and Biochemical Changes in Rat Synaptosome Fractions During Neonatal Development

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